Hyperaccumulators Redefined: Innovation in Phytoextraction and Phytomining for Resource Recovery

Özet

Hyperaccumulator plants possess the unique ability to absorb exceptionally high concentrations of heavy metals without exhibiting any symptoms of phytotoxicity. This property renders them strong candidates for phytoextraction and phytomining—ecological technologies for the remediation and resource recovery. This review chronicles the latest advances in the discovery, cultivation, and commercialization of hyperaccumulator species such as Alyssum murale and Noccaea caerulescens. Principal physiological traits, including metal transport mechanisms, chelator production, and vacuolar sequestration, are described. Novel field trials indicate the potential for nickel, cadmium, and rare earth element recovery in mining and post-industrial settings. Economic assessments indicate that phytomining could yield economic advantages to land owners and restore poor soils. Agronomic management, harvesting technologies for increased metal uptake and yield, and soil amendments are also presented in the review. As global demand for critical minerals rises, hyperaccumulators offer a sustainable option to conventional mining, fitting environmental rehabilitation alongside economic viability.