International Congresses of Turkish Science and Technology Publishing

Determining User Satisfaction of City Parks- Antakya District Atatürk Park And Defne District Sevgi Park Example

Sabriye Melis Çinçinoğlu — 2023-09-23

Urban parks are one of the most essential components of urban green spaces because they increase the quality of urban life and space. The effects of increasing construction, intense work tempo, and the obligation to work in closed areas have caused people to move away from built environments and turn to green areas. Urban parks are public spaces where citizens come together for their social, cultural, and recreational needs. Issues such as the variety of activities the park has, accessibility to the park, and security are effective on the satisfaction levels of its users in city parks. Within the scope of this study, we aim to question the user satisfaction and preferences of urban parks using the example of Atatürk Park in Antakya district of Hatay and Sevgi Park in Defne district. In this direction, as a result of the survey conducted with 323 people, the user satisfaction of the parks was tried to be determined. In the evaluation of the questionnaires, analyzes were made using SPSS statistical software. As a result of the study, it was concluded that the quality of the services provided in the park, the well-being, cleanliness, accessibility, and safety of the park are important for every element of society, and suggestions were made to improve the current situation.

Efficiency of Locally Isolated Trichoderma virens for Controlling Rice Brown Leaf Spot Disease Caused by Bipolaris oryzae

Tikka Dewage Chamarika Priyadarshani — 2023-09-23

Rice brown leaf spot disease caused by Bipolaris oryzae is one of the major rice diseases in Sri Lanka and which effects the rising concerns of food safety. Biological control of brown spot disease is an alternative method for synthetic fungicide. Trichoderma is a widely studied bio-control agent and it is proven to be effective against a wide range of plant pathogens. In the present study a locally isolated Trichoderma virens was tested against the brown spot pathogen, Bipolaris oryzae in in-vitro conditions. Identity confirmation was done by using morphological methods and molecular through Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) with ITS 1 and ITS 4 primers and subsequent homology search. Antagonism of T. virens against B. oryzae was tested using dual culture technique. Locally isolated Trichoderma virens had an inhibition ability of 75 % in dual culture test. Finally, it is evident that Trichoderma virens can successfully inhibit growth of the pathogen under in vitro conditions.

Water Footprint of Aquaculture Production

Suat Dikel — 2023-09-23

Water is a very familiar substance and is therefore often underestimated. The water footprint (WF) shows the extent of water use based on consumption by humans. The water footprint of an individual, community, or business is defined as the total volume of freshwater consumed by the individual or community or used to produce goods and services produced by the business. Water is a valuable resource that must be protected for present and future generations because both natural ecosystems and human society are highly dependent on an adequate and quality water supply. There is a shortage of fresh water in many parts of the world, and in many places, the quality of freshwater and seawater is deteriorating due to pollution. Agricultural production accounts for 92% of humanity's freshwater footprint; almost a third of this is related to animal production. The study shows that animal products have a larger water footprint (WF) than the production of plant products. All agricultural production activities require water, but water is particularly important for aquaculture as it is the medium in which aquatic food organisms are produced. Since aquaculture is often associated with intensive production patterns, those interested in water conservation have begun to explore the possibility of excessive water use in aquaculture. Therefore, aquaculture must continually struggle to use water efficiently and be prepared to defend water use practices.

Drivers of Profit among Leafy Vegetable Farmers during Covid-19 Lockdown in Oyo State, Case Study of Egbeda Local Government Area

Matthew Olufemi Adio — 2023-09-23

The research focused on determinants of profits among leafy vegetable farmers during COVID-19 lockdown in Egbeda Local Government Area Oyo State. Multistage sampling techniques were employed to choose 120 leafy vegetable farmers. Structured questionnaire was designed to gather data and was analyze using with the aid of descriptive statistics, Gross Margin analysis and Ordinary Least Square regression. Results showed that the mean age of leafy vegetable farmers was 50.81 years which indicated that the leafy vegetable farmers’ area are relatively active and can participate in leafy vegetable production activities. Majority (83.3%) of the leafy vegetable farmers were married, most (87.6%) were educated with a mean farming experience of 19 years. The extent of profitability of the farmers involved in leafy vegetable production result indicated that the Gross Margin was N573,537. The drivers of profit among leafy vegetable farmers during COVID 19 lockdown in Egbeda L. G. were educational level (5%), farm size (1%), input cost (1%) and cooperative membership (1%). It is therefore, recommended that more effort should be put in place by policy makers and agricultural stakeholders inform of programs that will educate farmers on coping strategies during crisis period.

Fatty Acid Profile and Cholesterol Contents in Egg Yolk of Hens Fed Variable Energy to Protein Ratio Diet Using Hermetia Illucens Meal.

Mohammed Alqazzaz — 2023-09-24

The impact of changing the energy-to-protein ratio using Hermetia illucens meal as a protein source on the fatty acid profile and cholesterol content in egg yolk for 90 days was evaluated in this study. Diets were formulated with levels of normal (155), low (140), and high (170) energy-to-protein ratio using Hermetia illucens meal at 0%, 5%, and 1% to form three treatments, respectively. A total of 54 nine-month-old local Arabian strain laying hens were randomly assigned to nine-floor cages. The analysis results of Hermetia illucens revealed that the total saturated fatty acid content was higher than the total unsaturated fatty acid content. Also, there was lower omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid content than omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid content. The finding of this experiment revealed that birds fed the low energy-to-protein diet containing Hermetia illucens at 5% meal increased (P<0.05) total unsaturated fatty acid content and depressed (P<0.05) total saturated fatty acid content in egg yolk compared to the birds fed the control diet and birds fed the high energy-to-protein diet. The total omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid content (P<0.05) and omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid content (P<0.01) were lowered by Hermetia illucens meal diets. There was a similar effect (P>0.05) on cholesterol content in the egg yolk of the hens fed dietary treatments. In conclusion, formulation of the diet with the low energy-to-protein ratio using Hermetia illucens meal had a positive effect on the fatty acid profile of the egg yolk.

Potential Causes for Rice Plant Yellowing in “Maha” Cultivation Season in Year 2023 in Anuradhapura District, Sri Lanka

Dasanayaka G.M.P.M — 2023-09-24

Rice (Oryza sativa) is the most consumed cereal food in the world and is mostly grown in Southeast Asia. It is a major staple food of Sri Lankans as well. Rice cultivation continues to occupy a vital place in the Sri Lankan economy. Yellowing of rice plants was a major challenge in the "Maha" cultivation season in 2023, and this condition was spread across significant rice-growing areas in Sri Lanka, including Anuradhapura, Polonnaruwa, and Hambantota. Although farmers have used different types of chemical fertilizers and pesticides, the problem has not been overcome. The main visible symptoms of this disease were yellowing, stunting, and inhibiting the growth of the rice plant. Some studies have revealed that the yellowing of rice plants is mainly due to nutrient deficiency, inadequate nutrient uptake, an increase in rice root knot nematode population, a decrease in soil microbial population, and soil acidity. In this study, the soils of Kawarakkulama and Nelumkanniya affected paddy fields from Anuradhapura district, and unaffected paddy fields in Yatihalagala and Barigama from Kandy district were sampled. Affected and unaffected soil samples of each paddy field located in Anuradhapura and Kandy districts were analyzed for nutrient status, nematode population, and microbial population to identify potential causes for rice yellowing. Nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium contents of soil samples were significantly different in affected and unaffected sites. Phosphorous and potassium were limited in the affected sites of Anuradhapura paddy fields. Yellowing could be related to a deficiency of potassium and phosphorus.

Overview of Agroforestry and its Impact on Environment

Shitosri Mondal — 2023-09-24

Agroforestry is a conventional method of land use that could help to address agricultural environmental issues. In order to take advantage of the ensuing ecological and economic interactions, agroforestry is the technique of consciously integrating woody vegetation (trees or shrubs) with crop and/or animal systems. According to recent studies, the global agri-food industry may reach more sustainable methods of producing food and fiber by adopting agroforestry techniques and principles more widely. This would benefit farmers economically and would benefit society as a whole in terms of the environment. Agroforestry promotes eco-intensification based on resource efficiency and offers a wide range of provisioning, regulating, cultural, supporting ecosystem services, and environmental advantages. In this review, we discussed agroforestry with its advantages and developments.

Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and Organic Amendments as alternatives for Inorganic Fertilizer on growth, yield and Vitamin C content of Chili (Capsicum annum L.)

Neelamanie Yapa — 2023-09-24

This study was investigated to compare Biofertilizer (AMF), Biochar, Compost and Inorganic Fertilizer on Vegetative, Reproductive Properties and Vitamin C content of Chili (Capsicum annum L.) The pot experiment was conducted at the Faculty of Applied Sciences, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka. Control (without soil amendments) was consisted of 3000g of soil in pot with one chili plant. The treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with four replicates. Vitamin C content of chili fruits were tested after harvesting. Treatments were field soil only (T₀), field soil and 3% rock phosphate (T₁), field soil and arbuscular mycorrhizae (T₂), field soil and arbuscular mycorrhizae and 3% rock phosphate (T₃) field soil and 5% biochar (T₄), field soil, 5% biochar and 3% rock phosphate (T₅), field soil and 5% compost (T₆) field soil, 5% compost and 3% rock phosphate (T₇), field soil and inorganic fertilizer (T₈), field soil, inorganic fertilizer and 3% rock phosphate (T₉). According to Tukey’s Pairwise Comparison test, the application of mycorrhizae and compost with or without rock phosphate significantly (p<0.05) improved the relative growth rate of chili compared to T₀ T₄, T₅and T₈. However, number of fruits were significantly high (p<0.05) with mycorrhizae, biochar and compost with rock phosphate. Vitamin C content was significantly (p<0.05) high in all the treatments except T_0,T₁and T₅. Organic and biofertilizer (AMF) with rock phosphate could be used as effective substitutes for inorganic fertilizers for chili cultivation in Sri Lanka.

Evaluation of the Capacity and Sufficiency of Sakura Park in Selçuklu District of Konya Province as a Post-Disaster Assembly Area

Sertaç Güngör — 2023-09-24

After the earthquake disaster experienced by our country, the importance of open and green spaces has once again come to the agenda, just like the Covid-19 outbreak. Green areas are of great importance both because they can be used as gathering areas after a disaster and because they can be transformed into temporary accommodation areas. Gathering areas are the areas where the public can gather safely by preventing misunderstandings that may arise after a disaster and revealing healthy information exchange. Gathering areas are safe areas where people can gather away from dangerous areas until tents and containers are ready after disasters and emergencies. Sakura Park, which became operational in 2023, is very suitable for being a post-earthquake gathering area with its location and design. In the park selected as the study area, a survey was conducted with 210 people selected according to the snowball method to exceed the population size in the central limit theorem on the basis of volunteerism at random times on weekdays and weekends. According to the results of the survey, Sakura Park was found to be very suitable as a post-disaster gathering area due to its location at the crossroads of important transportation networks, its proximity to hospitals, its flat settlement area, its possibility to be used as a support center with the surrounding schools, and its lack of thorny and poisonous plant material. The gathering capacity of the park is very sufficient considering that the neighboring Ecdat Park and the gardens of the schools can also be organized together.

A Review on Biochemical, Nutritional and Medicinal Properties of Okra

Shiva Basnet — 2023-09-24

Abelmoschus esculentus, commonly known as Bhindi, is a multi-usable vegetable crop whose whole part including roots can be consumed very effectively as a vegetable, fruit, juice and medicine. Almost 33k\al of energy can be gained on 100 gm consumption of okra. Due to the antioxidant, antidiabetic, antineoplastic, antitumor, antimicrobial and antiulcerogenic characteristics of the mucilage extract of okra, it has been extensively used in medical field. Sunsari is the biggest okra producing district followed by Dhanusha and Jhapa in terms of area and production per hectare. Being a high value vegetable crop, it hasn't been in popular in cultivation and use due to the lack of appreciate knowledge. Nepalese farmers are still on lack of information about the medicinal as well as dietary values of okra. If we use the cultivation practices in efficient way, it is pretty sure that a good prospect must be wait for our country.

Wheat Production and Support Policies in Turkey

Enver Ken — 2023-09-24

The objective of this study is to examine the current status of wheat production and evaluate the support policies implemented in this regard. According to the data for the year 2021, Turkey achieved a wheat production of 17,650,000 tons on an area of 6,623,061 hectares. This production corresponds to approximately 2.29% of the total global wheat production, making Turkey the 11th largest wheat producer in the world. In addition, while Turkey is the country that exports the most wheat flour with 26.26% in the world, it is the 4th country in pasta export with 7.01%. Despite its production and export potential, it is the 3rd largest importing country in the world by realizing 5% of total imports. In other words, due to its leading position as an exporter in the wheat flour and pasta industry, as well as domestic demand, Turkey experiences a supply deficit and therefore relies on significant imports each year to bridge this gap. Indeed, in the year 2021, the self-sufficiency rate of wheat production in Turkey remained at 87.26%. Turkey should incorporate agricultural policies that preserve the production and export potentials in wheat and wheat products, enabling self-sufficiency to be achieved. Firstly, Turkey's (2,665 kg/ha) wheat productivity, which is well below the world average (3.492 kg/ha), should be increased. Input supports provided in wheat production and difference payment (premium) supports, whose unit prices have followed a stable course in recent years; It should be arranged in accordance with current conditions, covering production costs and in parallel with possible price changes.

Forage Crops and Compound Feed Production in Turkey

Enver Ken — 2023-09-24

The sufficient production of roughage and compound feed is crucial for the nutrition of animals. Additionally, feed expenses constitute a significant portion, approximately 70%, of livestock farming activities. Although there has been an increase in the production of forage crops in Turkey over the years, the self-sufficiency rate for roughage remains at around 60-70%. In the production of compound feed, a significant portion of the raw material requirement is met through imports. In fact, in 2022, the import of compound feed and feed ingredients resulted in a trade deficit of 5 billion US dollars. It is essential for Turkey to prioritize policies that focus on self-sufficiency, enabling the country to feed its livestock population. In order to meet the need for roughage, the production of forage crops should be increased, and for this, agricultural supports that have not experienced significant changes in unit prices in recent years should be reviewed. In addition, there is a need to increase the grazing capacity and yields by improving the pastures, summer pastures and winter pastures. To reduce the dependency of the compound feed sector on imports, priority should be given to policies that aim to increase the production of important feed ingredients such as grains and oilseed crops. While formulating these policies, it is important to consider international competitive conditions and adopt production planning and support policies that do not create issues in the supply of feed crops and other strategic products.

Monitoring Rainbow Trout Deterioration Using Smart Indicator Films Containing Eggplant (Solanum Melongena L.) Anthocyanins

Fatma Büşra Dereli — 2023-09-24

Bu çalışmada akıllı ambalaj olarak işlev görmesi amacıyla evlerde ve gıda işletmelerinde atık olarak ayrılan patlıcan kabuklarından elde edilen antosiyanin ekstraktı kullanılarak pH’a değişimine duyarlı kitosan bazlı bozulma indikatörü film üretilmiştir. Geliştirilen bozulma indikatörü filmlerin işlevi alabalık (Oncorhynchus mykiss) örneklerinde test edilmiştir. Balığın bozulmaya başlaması ile üretilen aminler ve amonyak, ortam atmosferinde pH artışına neden olmaktadır. Bu sebeple pH değeri, balıkta tazelik ve kalitenin bir göstergesi olarak kullanılabilecektir.

Geliştirilen filmin mekanik özelliklerinin belirlenmesi için yapılan analizler sonucunda ortalama olarak elastik modül (EM) sonucu 774,02, çekme dayanımı (TS) sonucu 19,29 ve kopma noktasındaki uzama (E, %) sonucu 16,38, ortalama su geçirgenliği değeri 10,11, kalınlık değeri 0,03, opasite değeri ise 2,19 olarak bulunmuştur. Ayrıca film pH 1-3 arasında değer gösteren tampon çözeltilerde pembe-kırmızı renk alırken, pH 4-5 arasında mavi renk, pH 6-7 arası mavi-yeşil renk, pH 8-10 arası sarı renk göstermiştir. Amonyak hassasiyeti testi sonucunda ise film rengi yeşilden sarıya dönüşmüştür.

Geliştirilen indikatör filmler (2x2cm) alabalık örnekleri ile birlikte vakum altında paketlenmiş ve 12 gün boyunca 4°C’de depolanmıştır. 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 ve 12. günlerde alabalıklardaki bozulma hakkında bilgi sahibi olmak amacıyla mikrobiyal ve kimyasal analizler yapılmıştır. Aynı şekilde 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 ve 12. günlerde indikatör filmdeki renk değişimi izlenmiş ve alabalıktaki bozulma ile indikatör rengindeki değişim arasındaki bağlantı yorumlanmıştır. Geliştirilen filmlerin atık değerlendirme ve gıda güvenliğinin sağlanmasında önemli potansiyeli bulunmaktadır.

A Workshop Example of Basic Design Education in Interior Architecture

Hatice Sena Azkur — 2023-09-24

Basic design is one of the common and introductory courses of design disciplines. It has great importance in interior architecture education as it forms the basis of design practice. Education that proceeds through abstract concepts creates difficulties for students to internalize this course. To avoid these difficulties, learning by doing has great importance. Learning by doing approach was carried out in the form of a workshop within the scope of the “Basic Design 1” course of the Department of Interior Architecture at Konya Technical University in the fall semester of 2022-2023 academic year. Students were asked to produce three-dimensional designs using basic design principles and elements. The class was divided into groups of eight people and studies were carried out with a workshop coordinator in each group. Duration of the workshop was planned as four weeks. In this study, one of the groups was selected and evaluated. In order to increase the functionality of the studies in the group, it was requested that the studies be designed as lighting elements. Addition of the lighting parameter to the design, the work has been transformed into a design problem by emphasizing the aesthetic features of the composition as well as its functionality. During the workshop, students learned to use materials and colors, to design an original composition and to integrate the lighting element into the design. Concealing the lighting element in the product, durability of the design were some of the difficulties experienced by the students. At the end of the workshop, students learned to embody the abstract concepts they learned during the year by creating a composition that considers functionality and aesthetics. As a result, it has been seen that the intelligibility of Basic Design 1, which is a course taught through abstract concepts, has increased thanks to the workshop.

The Effects of Planting Time and Density on Yield, Income and Quality of Basma Tobacco

Ahmet Kınay — 2023-09-24

Basma tobaccos are used to improve the flavors of cigarette blends. In this study, it was aimed to determine the effects of planting time and density on yield and quality characteristics of basma type tobacco. The study was carried out in Tokat/Erbaa location in 2021 with OZE B1 variety. Three different planting times (16 May, 31 May and 13 June), three row spacing (30, 40 and 50 cm) and three intra-row spacing (8, 12 and 16 cm) were used in the study. Dry leaf yield, quality grade index, gross income, reducing sugar and nicotine ratios examined in the study differed statistically (p<0.01 and p<0.05). The highest dry leaf yield was obtained at planting times of May 16 (2108.33 kg ha-1) and May 31 (2094.64 kg ha-1), 40 cm row spacing (2294.89 kg ha-1) and 8 cm intra-row spacing (2200.93 kg ha-1). Quality grade index ranged from 58.28% (June 13, 8 cm inra-row spacing) to 75.64% (May 16, 12 cm intra-row spacing), while the nicotine ratio ranged between 0.93% and 2.04%, and the reducing sugar ratio varied between 4.48% and 11.20%. In terms of total income generated by dry leaf yield and leaf quality (quality grade index) per unit area with 8557.59 $ ha^-1, the highest value was determined at the planting time of May 16, planting density of 8 cm intra-rows spacing and 40 cm row spacing.

Reflecting Corporate Identity to Educational Spaces with Wall Surface Design

Mehmet Noraslı — 2023-09-24

The concept of corporate identity has gone beyond a number of graphical elements such as the name, logo, emblem of an enterprise commercially and has gained conceptual qualifications in a wider scope. While the symbols used on war shields during the Kingdom period were seen as the first corporate identity work to give a sense of belonging to the warriors; Today, it is seen that corporate identity is used in many platforms such as commercial enterprises, public institutions, educational institutions, sports and art clubs. The expansion of this framework has increased many interdisciplinary interactions such as graphic design, interior architecture, fashion design, industrial product design in the formation of corporate identity design. In this context, the graphical symbols made on behalf of the corporate identity have been developed over time and started to be used in the spaces of the institutions, the clothes of the personnel and the designs of the goods. It has become a principle that the designs made through the discipline of interior architecture should be created in accordance with the vision and mission of the space and to characterize the corporate identity. In the study, it was aimed to make the interior design qualified with the principle of corporate identity, and to make and apply the wall surface design in the education spaces, and thus to bring the corporate identity to the user in an inclusive way with the interior design of the determined sample area. Wall surfaces at the entrance of Selçuk University Social Sciences Institute and Selçuk University Faculty of Letters were used as material in the study. In the method of the study, literature research was conducted and focused on corporate identity and educational spaces through the discipline of graphic and interior architecture. Afterwards, observations and analyzes were made by taking the opinions and suggestions of the staff and students who constantly use the sampling areas. Accordingly, it has been observed that there should be wall surfaces where the guests and students can take photos, reinforced with focusing lighting, which represents the corporate identity with the logo at the entrances of the educational venues discussed. According to the data obtained, the wall surface design was made and applied according to the institutional identity of the educational spaces considered as material. After the implementation of the design, based on on-site observations and analyzes, it is seen that the sense of belonging of the staff and students to the institution develops, the guests and alumni increase the recognition of the institution by taking photographs, which are commonly carried out today, and the wall surface of the design becomes active by bringing it to the place it belongs to.

Keyword: Corporate Identity, Interior Design, Educational Spaces, Surface Design.

Museum At The Unıversıty Campus; Example Of Interıor Applıcatıon Project In Selçuk Unıversıty Museum

Ali Akçaova — 2023-09-24

Universities are the most important educational complexes of our age, leading to education, research, knowledge transfer and development. Universities aim to realize high-level knowledge and findings as a public service with the different educational units and various social opportunities they house. In this context, museum structures, which have the task of collecting, preserving, exhibiting and transferring information to the next generations, have become quite common in university campuses. The aim of this study covers the design-implementation processes of the museum interiors, which consist of foyer, temporary and permanent exhibition areas, which are suitable for the institutional culture of the Museum building located in the campus of Selcuk University, and can fulfill the purpose and functions of the museum. Two types of materials were used within the scope of the study. As the first material, publications, thesis studies, lecture notes, architectural and interior design printed publications and internet resources are mainly theoretical and visual information. The scanned and analyzed information is handled from general to specific. The second material is the on-site determination of the Selcuk University Museum building located in Selcuk University Alaeddin Keykubat Campus by the authors. The museum building has been analyzed through interviews with relevant people, the museum foyer, the requirements of temporary and permanent exhibition areas, and existing interior photographs. The method followed in the study is observation and detection. As a result of researches and observations made using publications, thesis studies, lecture notes, architectural and interior architecture printed publications and internet resources on the subject, a determination study was made in the existing museum building. As a result of the research, it was stated that the museums located in the university campus have an important place in terms of establishing a bond between the public and the university, apart from the educational areas affiliated to the institution. Apart from the education-teaching structures, from a different point of view, it has been emphasized that there are multi-purpose areas that can be used in common and the positive aspects it adds to the institution it is affiliated with. Interior revisions made in the designated areas of the museum structure, project design process and application phases are mentioned.

Effects of chronic Hydrogen Peroxide Exposure on mitochondrial Oxidative Stress genes and mitochondrial dynamics in HL60 Cells

Antoni Sureda — 2023-09-24

Hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) is a reactive species also involved in the redox regulation of cells because of it is relative stability. In numerous pathological situations, a chronic increase in the production of reactive species is observed, which is related to oxidative stress and cellular damage. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of long-term exposure to different H₂O₂ concentrations on oxidative stress biomarkers and mitochondrial dynamics in HL60 cells. HL60 cells were treated with a sustained production (0.1, 1.0 and 10.0 nM/s) of H₂O₂ for one hour. H₂O₂ production and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, as a lipid peroxidation marker, increased progressively in HL60 cells in accordance with higher H₂O₂ exposure, with significant differences between the 10nM/s H₂O₂ group to the control and 0.1 nM/s groups. Similarly, progressive increase in genes related with the mitochondrial antioxidant defences and mitochondrial dynamics were also observed. Significant increases in the 10 nM/s H₂O₂with respect to the control group was observed for manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1- transcription alpha (PCG1α), nuclear respiratory factor 2 (Nrf2), transcription of the transcription factor mitochondrial A (Tfam), mitofusins 1 and 2 (Mfn-1 and Mfn-2) and uncoupling protein 3 (UCP3), whereas no significant changes were observed in the COXIV gene expression. In conclusion, exposure to different sustained production of H₂O₂ is related to a progressive increase in mitochondrial dynamics gene expression and redox processes in HL60 cells but also to oxidative damage at the higher H₂O₂ production.

Educational Space From Design To Implementation Process; Selçuk University, Faculty Of Fine Arts Project

Mine Sungur — 2023-09-24

Mankind has been in a reciprocal relationship with space throughout history. Although this ongoing relationship process covers many different places, it has become integrated with education spaces and gained value. The main reason for this is education venues; It is important for the development of both the individual and the society by closely following the social, cultural, technological and economic developments and transferring the information to the next generations. In studies on educational spaces, it is possible to say that the effect of the physical environment on education is seriously supportive or obstructive. Among educational places, especially university buildings have a special importance in terms of both professional and social interaction, in terms of people's self-development in their relations with the outside world. In fact, the design of the places where art education is given and its contribution to the training of future artists cannot be ignored. In this context, Selcuk University, Faculty of Fine Arts building is handled in the design and application processes, depending on user-oriented approaches that allow social interaction and reflect the artistic identity, and presented to the users with the developed architectural project and spatial identity after the application. In the study, a qualitative research method based on examinations and observations was followed, in which information, documents and reports on the subject were collected and the architectural programming stages proceeded in the right steps with constant feedback. As a result of the findings obtained; The Faculty of Fine Arts, designed by referring to the traces of traditional Turkish Architecture, is offered to users as a holistic interpretation of traditional and modern. With its correctly designed architectural program, the education building reflects its spatial identity and sets an example for other faculties. Another important result of the research is; The academicians belonging to the departments within the body of the building in question should have been in constant consultation with the designers from the beginning and must have created the design map together. However, it has been determined by the study that the number of student quotas increased at an unpredictable level due to the constantly changing Higher Education Council decisions in our country, pushing even the limits of the flexible learning area foreseen in the project.

Fertilizers and Inoculants Effects on Soybean Yield and Yield Components

Wakil Ahmad Sarhadi — 2023-09-25

Abstract

Soybean (Glycine max L.) has been a significant source of plant origin proteins for both the livestock feed and humans industries for many years. Soybean yield is low in smallholder farms in Afghanistan. The objective of this study was to examine the impact of DAP, nitrogen fertilizer and Rhizobia on soybean yield and yield components performance. To achieve this objective, field experiments were conducted, using a randomized complete block design, with three replications, different levels of fertilizers, inoculant and control as well. Soybean responded remarkably to the added nitrogen, phosphorus sources fertilizers likewise bio fertilizer. The crop characters were significantly influenced by these treatments.

Grain yields varied from 465 kg ha^-1 to 2532.8 kg ha-¹ in control treatment to 595 kg ha^-1. Analysis of variance was applied to find the effects of different levels of DAP, N and Rhizobia in yield and yield components of soybean. The results revealed that there was no significant differences in pod length, pods per plant, seeds per pod and 100 grain-weight at 5% level. The result of yield showed a significant difference at 1% level. Based on the results a positive correlation (0.15366) was between 100 grains weight and grain yield. There was a significant difference in days to flowering and plant height among treatments, the longest days to flowering was detected in Rhizobia treatments as well as the shortest days to flowering in DAP treatments. The amount of chlorophyll concentration was measured using SPAD 502, there was no a significant difference among treatments. It was ranged from 2.67 to 3 mg in all treatments. Cluster analysis using UPGAM was applied to determine the effects of different types of fertilizers on soybean agronomic relationship. Based on this analysis all treatments were classified in to three groups. This study’s novelty is using rhizobia in Afghanistan.

Genome-Edited Crops: A Hope To Mitigate Food Security Challenges In 23rd Century

Ghulam Mustafa — 2023-09-25

Genome editing is an emerging innovation of the current millennium that has potential to feed rapidly increasing population all over the world. This cutting-edge technology has successfully been employed for improved per hectare yield, better quality of the produce and stacking gene mutations for improved agronomic traits. Though ambiguities are there in the regulation and acceptance of genome-edited plants because most of the edited plants are produced through insertion of DNA sequences and their removal in the subsequent steps. This demands discrimination of edited plants from the transgenic ones and clarity in policy for the commercialization of genome-edited crops. European commission has recently released a proposal which suggests that plants developed through targeted mutagenesis or cisgenesis must be categorized separately from GMOs (Genetically Modified Organisms) and they should be treated as “conventional-like” category 1 plants. So, CRISPR-edited crops will not be taken as conventional GMOs and need not to get approval from the regulatory authorities. This highlights significance of this technology to develop improved crop varieties having potential to feed 298 million starved people of the world. Numerous crops plant have been developed for improved traits i.e. disease resistance (banana, cassava, maize, potato, rice, wheat), improved quality (cassava), nitrogen remobilization and insect resistance. Hence, genome editing is a great hope to mitigate food security challenges.

Keywords: Genome-editing, GMOs, CRISPR-CAS, Food security, Targeted mutagenesis

Ultrasound assisted anthocyanin extraction from sumac and investigation of thermal degradation kinetics of the anthocyanins

Mehmet Güldane — 2023-09-25

In this study, an ultrasonic extraction method was used to extract anthocyanins from sumac. In order to maximize the yield of anthocyanins from the extraction, a three-factor Taguchi method with ethanol concentration (25, 50, 75%), sonication time (15, 30, 45 min), and solvent: solute ratio (10:1, 20:1, 30:1) was used. Under optimum extraction conditions, maximum anthocyanin yield (632.024 mg C3G/kg) was obtained by performing 15 min sonication of the mixture prepared with 75% ethanol at 10:1 solvent: solute ratio. The solvent: solute ratio was the parameter that most affected the extraction process. However, as a result of ANOVA analysis, the effect of the ethanol concentration variable on the extraction process was found to be significant (p <0.05). In this study, the thermal degradation kinetics of sumac anthocyanins obtained under optimum extraction conditions as a result of 70, 80, and 90 °C heat treatment were also determined. The results showed that the thermal degradation process fit the first-order reaction kinetics. The kinetic rate constant (k) of thermal degradation of sumac anthocyanins varied between 1.69x10^-3-5.44x10^-3 min^-1 and the half-life (t_1/2) varied between 29.46-9.15 hrs. The activation energy (Ea) of thermal degradation of sumac anthocyanins was calculated as 60.28 kJ/mol. Taguchi method was successfully applied in the extraction of anthocyanins from sumac. There is an urgency to improve the stability of the extracted sumac anthocyanins by considering the food production conditions.

Perception of Employees in the Dairy Industry towards Digital-Smart Tracking Systems: A Case Study on Ezine Cheese Producers

Dilvin ipek — 2023-09-25

In the digital era, food industry is facing to use digital-smart tracking systems for sustainable food quality and safety. By the increasing digital solutions during farm to fork processes, employees from each section should be a part of the digitalization and job definitions should be shifted to include digital process management. In this study, we aimed to determine current perception and resistance status of employees in dairy industry about digital-smart tracking systems. The empirical survey relies on a sample consisting of nearly 30 SMEs and 150 employees at different parts of farm to fork processes, including Ezine Cheese producer companies in Ezine region, Çanakkale, Türkiye. As we expected, most of employees knows digital-vehicle tracking systems. They believed that digital-tracking systems’ necessity to transparency in food-value chain, quality systems, international trade and logistics. Due to heavy workload and hacking concerns, they resisted to digitalization and sustainability processes. Effective awareness and digital-security trainings should be done for food value-chain employees to reach expected digitalization targets in food industry.

Natural Preservative and Pesticide Potantial of White Cheese Isolated Lactic Acid Bacteria: Quorum Quenching, Antibacterial and Antitumor

Dilvin ipek — 2023-09-25

The study aimed to determine the quorum quenching (QQ) and antitumor activity on short-chain AHLs from Quorum Sensing (QS) signals, which is the bacterial communication system, of metabolites obtained by using Lactic acid Bacteria (LAB) in the microbiota of white cheese, a fermented product. While Chromabacterium violaceum CV026 biosensor culture was used to determine the QQ effect on short-chain AHL QS signals; Agrobacterium tumefaciens A136 was used in potato disc studies used to determine its usability as a pesticide. While it was determined that the metabolites produced by all (21) isolates obtained and identified as lactic acid bacteria had a QQ effect on short-chain AHLs, the metabolites of 38.09% (8/21) of the same isolates were found to have antitumor properties. All metabolites were also found to have antibacterial properties against the bacteria Esherichia coli ATCC 25922, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538 P, Micrococcus luteus ATCC 4698 and Listeria monocytogenes ATCC 7644. While it was determined that the metabolites produced by lactic acid bacteria have the potential to be used as a preservative and/or surface disinfectant in the food industry with their QQ and antibacterial effects; It has been determined that only 8 of the metabolites have antitumor properties and have the potential to be used as natural pesticides during agricultural practices.

Urban Agriculture in Mogadishu: Opportunities and Constraints

Yasin Mohmed Ibrahim — 2023-09-25

Urban and peri-urban agriculture is crucial for improving food security among urban households and reducing the food mileage between urban and rural areas, especially with the unprecedented increase in urban populations. This study used a snowball sampling method to assess the opportunities and constraints faced by urban horticulture farmers in Deynile and Darusalam of Mogadishu. The findings of the study revealed that temperature, wind, pest and disease outbreaks, and water access for irrigation are the main constraints that urban farmers encounter. The study also found that the type of farming is another challenge that urban farmers face. Urban farmers who grow inside greenhouses have fewer challenges in terms of wind protection, which reduces crop evapotranspiration and improves crop quality, such as the appearance of fruits and leafy vegetables. Conversely, urban farmers who grow in the open fields encounter major challenges such as high irrigation and water requirements, frequent pest and disease infestations, and poor appearance of fruits and leafy vegetables, which are unattractive to buyers. The study discovered that farmers use two types of conventional protected farming: plastic greenhouses with net walls and houses that are entirely covered with net clothes. Farmers use undeveloped techniques to decrease the skyrocketing temperature during hot seasons. The study found that market availability, an increase in supermarkets in the city, an increase in displaced people from rural areas, the return of diasporas, and the shortage of fresh vegetables in the city due to regular droughts in rural areas had encouraged urban people in Mogadishu to begin farming in and around the city.

The Effects ff Environmental Enrichment On Behavior, Performance, and Slaughter and Carcass Traits in Guinea Fowl

Mehmet Akif Boz — 2023-09-25

In this study, it was aimed to determine the effects of environmental enrichment practices on growth performance, slaughter traits, meat quality traits and some behavioural traits of guinea fowls under confined rearing conditions. The study was carried out in Yozgat Bozok University BOZOK TUAM Yerköy Animal Husbandry Facility and the animal material consisted of 200 day-old guinea fowls. In this study, two different treatment groups with and without environmental enrichment were established. In both treatment groups, the guinea fowls were produced in the floor rearing system with litter. Each treatment group consisted of 5 replicates. In the environmental enrichment group, roosting boards, stone materials on the ground and foliage feeder objects were included. Guinea fowls were randomly allocated to the treatment groups from emergence and reared in the same environment until 13 weeks of age at slaughter. Lower live weight at slaughter age was determined in the environmental enrichment treatment (Feed conversion ratio (FCR) was better in the control group at 10 and 12 weeks. Slaughter weight, hot and cold carcass weight were lower in the environmental enrichment group. Higher level of mating, running, feeding, drinking, swelling, wing flapping and feather cleaning behaviours were determined in the environmental enrichment group. Feather pecking behaviour and lying down behaviour were found to be higher in the guinea fowl without environmental enrichment (control group). It was observed that environmental enrichment practices were especially effective on behaviours in guinea fowls.

Extraction of bioactive compounds from yellow onion peels: Taguchi-SAW hybrid optimization

Mehmet Güldane — 2023-09-26

The aim of this study was to obtain an extract rich in bioactive components from yellow onion peels, which are generally considered waste material. Accordingly, a three-factor three-level Taguchi (L9) experimental design with three factors, namely ethanol concentration (A; 50%, 75%, 100%), extraction temperature (B; 30, 40, 50 °C), and sonication time (C; 10, 20, 30 min) was used to optimize the ultrasound-assisted extraction process of onion peel powders. Through Taguchi optimization, the optimum extraction conditions were determined as A₂B₃C₂ to obtain the extract with the highest total phenolic matter (TFM) content and antioxidant activity (DPPH (%)). In addition, the extract produced under A₂B₁C₂ conditions was found to be the richest in total monomeric anthocyanin (TMA) content with the highest level of color pigments. In order to determine the overall optimization conditions and to reduce the three-response optimization process to a single response, the simple sum weighting (SAW) method was used as a multi-criteria decision-making method. As a result of the optimization, it was concluded that an extract rich in bioactive components with optimal TFM and TMA contents and DPPH (%) value could be obtained as a result of sonication at 30 °C for 20 min to onion peel powders mixed with a solvent containing 75% ethanol (A₂B₁C₂). The extraction conditions of bioactive components from yellow onion peels were successfully optimized by the Taguchi-SAW hybrid optimization method.

The Effect of Different Pollen Sources on Colony Foundation Success of Bumblebees (Bombus terrestris L.)

Ahmet Akyol — 2023-09-26

In this study, different pollen sources used to investigate colony foundation success of bumblebees. 120 Bombus terrestris L. queens are used to form 6 feeding groups. Poppy pollen, chestnut pollen, cistus pollen and their difloral mixes (1 / 1 ratio) are used as feeding groups. The groups are also fed with ad-libitum sugar syrup (50% brix value). As a result of the research; pollen consumption (P<0.01), worker bee emergence time (P<0.05) and number of worker bees in the first brood (P<0.01 were statistically significant between the groups.

In conclusion; poppy – chestnut pollen mixture with highest number of worker bees in the first brood, can be recommended in commercial bumble bee breeding. New researches are needed to determine the most appropriate ratio of this mixture.

The Influence of Feather Score on Some Blood Parameters of Laying Hens

Muhammed Talha İnce — 2023-09-26

The objective of the study was to investigate the effect of feather score on some blood parameters of laying hens. In the study, a total of 45 birds (Lohmann Brown strains) were randomly selected from a 60 weeks-old flock and grouped based on total feather scores obtained from scoring 6 different body parts of the birds: the head, neck, breast, back, wings, and tail. According to the total feather score, the experimental groups consisted of low (6-12, average 10, L), medium (13-17, average 15.40, M) and high (18-24, average 18.87, L). The number of lymphocytes, monocytes, heterophils, eosinophils, basophil cells and heterophil/lymphocyte ratio (H/L) were determined. The results indicated that feather score had a significant influence on and monocyte, heterophil (P<0.001), but the impact on H/L ratio, lymphocyte and eosinophil was not significant (P>0.05). While the H/L ratio and heterophil decreased with the increase in feather scores, the monocytes increased with the increase in feather score. The H/L ratio of the H group was lower compared to M and L groups however, the L group had the highest H/L ratio value of 0.51, which is considered as an indicator of moderate stress.

In conclusion, the findings of this study revealed that an average feather score of more than 10 was not very stress-inducing to the birds.

Emerging trends in the utilization of hydrocolloids for the formation of oleogels

Deniz Damla Altan Kamer — 2023-09-26

Chocolate, ice cream, butter, margarine, meat, and bakery products are examples of foods that contain solid fat in their structure. Solid fats are added to these foods, which are often preferred as part of daily nutrition, to make them more stable in terms of texture and oxidation. Studies have shown that these fats, which contain saturated and trans-fatty acids, cause cardiovascular diseases. Oleogelation creates structured solid-like materials by entrapping oil in a thermo-reversible and three-dimensional gel network. Oleogels made from functional oils have been the topic of recent studies into the minimization of saturated and trans fats in foods. Oleogelification gives oils semi-solid qualities without changing their chemistry. Gelling agents are necessary to give oleogels the structure of solid fat. Wax, monoglycerides, phytosterols, ceramides, and lecithin are some of the low molecular oleogelators used to structure edible oleogels. Low molecular oleogelators, on the other hand, may have limited commercial use because of their high sensitivity to temperature and shear, as well as the comparatively large concentrations required. In consideration of this, researchers have recently become interested in high molecular oleogelators (food hydrocolloids) as a possible alternative. Hydrocolloids can be used in biphasic systems to form oleogel, at the oil-in-water (emulsion type) or air-in-water (foam method) interface. The most used hydrocolloids for this purpose are gelatin, xanthan gum, arabic gum, citrus pectin, methylcellulose, and hydroxymethyl cellulose.

Effect of Organomineral and Chemical Fertilizer Application on Available Phosphorus Content in a Soil With High Calcareous

Kadir Saltalı — 2023-09-26

Turkey’s soils are generally alkaline and calcareous. Approximately 70-90% of the phosphorus applied to the alkaline and calcareous soils phosphorus (P) becomes unavailable forms by plants. Therefore, there is a need for forms of fertilizer that can provide greater uptake of phosphorus fertilizers by plants. However, there is not enough study about the effect of organomineral fertilizer and chemical fertilizer applications on the soil P content. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of chemical (DAP; 18% N, 46% P₂O₅) and organomineral (OMG; OM 15%, N 8%, P₂O₅ 20%, SO₃ 10%, 10% Humic + Fulvic acid) on available P in soils. The experiment was designed as a randomized plot design with three replications. Soil samples were taken on 1, 15, 3, 60, 90. Days, and the available P contents were determined in soils. According to the obtained data, the high average available P content of the soils was obtained in the samples taken on the 1st day and the lowest on the 90th day. The available P content in the soils decreased with by the time. The effect of fertilizer forms (OMG and DAP) on the average available P content of soils was statistically significant at p <0.01 level. When DAP fertilizer and OMG fertilizer were compared, depending on time the available P contents of the soils were 16-21% higher in OMG fertilizer applications. However, detailed studies in different ecologies are needed.

Examination of Kreuzberg Protective City Renovation Principles Specially of Tepebağ-Kayalıbag

Elife Büyüköztürk — 2023-09-26

Renewing and reuiting the parts of the cities that have become the collapsed areas with the city; Urban renewal is a term that is frequently used today. The collapsed areas need to be physically and socially renewed and revitalized. The main purpose of urban renewal studies; it is the reitegration should be realized not only phsically and economically, but also socially and culturally.

Kreuzberg Region in Germany, II.İt sufferd great damage during the World War II and over time became a collapsed zone. The “Protective City Renewal” method, which has been implemented in the region since 1961; it has an important place in urban renewal studies with its 12 basic principles.

Urban renewal works in the Tepebağ-Kayalıbağ neighborhoods, which constitute the historical city center in Adana, are at the very beginning of the process. A few projects have been carried out within the scope of street rehabilitation works in the area, but these are considered to be insufficient.

The aim of this study; it is the evaluation “Protective City Renewal” method and an experiment on how the 12 principles of this method can be applied to the Tepebağ-Kayalıbağ section, which is an important historical texture that needs to be preserved in Adana.

Economics of System of Rice Intensification Technology Usage among Rice Farmers in Nigeria

Ridwan Mukaila — 2023-09-26

Rice production in Nigeria is produced using traditional methods, which made it more difficult for farmers to reach their full output capacity. Modern methods such as the system of rice intensification (SRI) was created in the rice-growing industry to increase productivity. However, there are limited studies on the economic viability of SRI technology and the factors influencing its usage among farmers in Nigeria. Therefore, this study examined the costs and returns, and factors influencing the adoption of SRI among rice farmers in Nigeria. We used a questionnaire to collect the relevant information needed for the study from 180 rice farmers that adopt SRI technology. Descriptive statistics, costs and returns analysis, and multivariate logistic regression were methods of data analysis. The results of the study revealed that the majority of the rice farmers using SRI technology in Nigeria were males who are within the economically active age. The rice farmers that adopted SRI technology made a profitability ratio of 0.41, a benefit-cost ratio of 1.68 and a gross margin of USD 370.55 per hectare of land cultivated. These imply that the use of SRI technology in rice farming is profitable. Furthermore, educational level, household size, association membership, farming experience, and the availability of extension services were the determinants of the use of SRI technology. This research call for the promotion of SRI technology through farmers' participation in training programs, extension demonstrations and knowledge exchange.

Driving Factors for Agricultural Graduates’ Involvement in Agribusiness Enterprise in Nigeria

Ridwan Mukaila — 2023-09-27

Eradicating the high level of youth unemployment remains a global challenge, especially in sub-Saharan Africa. Despite a high volume of literature on youth involvement in agriculture, agricultural graduates have received little research attention. Therefore, this study assessed agricultural graduate involvement in agribusiness enterprises to fill the research gap. Data were collected from 200 agricultural graduates who were randomly selected. Descriptive statistics and logistic regression were methods of data analysis. The results revealed that, unlike other youths, agricultural graduates had a positive opinion about agriculture. Although just about half were involved in agribusiness, almost all of them were willing to engage in it if supplied with production resources, especially land and capital for start-ups. Family land, access to credit, perceived benefit, attitudes, location, and gender significantly influenced agricultural graduates’ participation in agribusiness. To be self-employed and employer, to be financially independent, to be food secure, due to access to land, due to access to credit, parental influence, be an employer, satisfaction and personal growth, and to continue the family business were the reasons why agricultural graduates became involved in agribusiness enterprises. On the other hand, lack of capital, lack of access to land, the risk involved in agriculture, poor agricultural pricing, poor agricultural support from the government, seeking a white-collar job, and peer influence were reasons why some agricultural graduates were not involved in agribusiness. Hence, agricultural graduates should be encouraged and supported with resources, especially arable land and capital, by the government, development agencies, and financial institutions, to ensure effective participation in agribusiness.

The Determinants of Livelihood Diversification among Rural Farming Households in Toungo Local Government Area, Adamawa State, Nigeria.

Yahaya Zira Dia — 2023-09-27

To meet their food and other needs, rural households engage in livelihood diversification initiatives. The study looked at factors affecting people's decisions to diversify their sources of income in Toungo Local Government Area of Adamawa State, Nigeria. 250 respondents, were picked using multi-stage sample to provide data for the studies. Descriptive and inferential statistics like logit regression model and Simpson index of diversity were utilized as analytical tools. The study's findings showed that 76.40% of respondents were married and 80.40% were men. 76% of them were educated, and 72.40% had farming as their main occupation. The distribution of respondents based on livelihood activities, indicates that 86% of respondents were engaged in the farming of arable crops, followed by 56% in the sale of animals, 18% in the employment of civil service, and 77.20% in some sort of non-farm activity. In terms of the degree of livelihood diversification, only 6% were highly diverse, compared to 40% who had a low level of diversification. Results of the Logit regression reveals that there was positive relationship between six out of eight variables that are independent with dependent variable. The six variables were age, marital status, family size, formal education years, credit availability, and income were each statistically significant at varying levels. Strengthening livelihood diversification techniques in the research area is therefore necessary to increase household food and non-food security.

Recent Advances in Poultry Nutrition: Utilizing Phytobiotics as Alternatives to Antibiotics

Muhammad Umair Asghar — 2023-09-27

In response to growing concerns over antibiotic resistance and consumer demand for antibiotic-free poultry products, recent years have witnessed significant advancements in poultry nutrition research, with a particular focus on exploring phytobiotics as viable alternatives to antibiotics. This abstract highlights the latest developments in utilizing phytobiotics to enhance poultry nutrition while addressing the challenges associated with antibiotic usage. Phytobiotics, derived from various herbs, spices, and medicinal plants, represent a diverse group of natural feed additives known for their bioactive properties. A primary area of investigation revolves around the impact of phytobiotics on gut health and microbiome management in poultry. These additives have demonstrated the ability to modulate the composition of gut microbiota, fostering the growth of beneficial bacteria while suppressing harmful pathogens. This shift in gut microbial balance contributes to improved nutrient absorption, enhanced immune responses, and a reduced incidence of gastrointestinal disorders, ultimately promoting the overall well-being of poultry flocks. By incorporating phytobiotics into poultry diets, researchers have observed a reduction in pathogenic colonization, leading to improved flock health and mitigated zoonotic risks. Beyond their antimicrobial effects, phytobiotics have been found to possess antioxidant and anti-inflammatory attributes, helping alleviate oxidative stress and support the immune system in poultry. By reducing the reliance on antibiotics, phytobiotics aid in minimizing antibiotic residues in poultry products, promoting environmentally friendly approaches to poultry nutrition. In conclusion, recent advances in poultry nutrition have demonstrated the potential of phytobiotics as effective alternatives to antibiotics. Their multifaceted benefits, including enhanced gut health, antimicrobial activity, and immune system support, contribute to improved productivity and sustainability in the poultry industry. As research continues to unveil the full potential of phytobiotics, they present a promising pathway towards safer, healthier, and antibiotic-free poultry production systems.

Effects of Leek Powder and Sunflower Oil in Guar Gum Edible Coating to Preserve Mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus)

Nalan Yazıcıoğlu — 2023-09-27

This study investigated the effects of various guar gum edible coating formulations, incorporating different proportions of waste leek powder and sunflower oil, on weight loss, color parameters (L*, a*, b* values, and ΔE), texture, and shrinkage of Agaricus bisporus mushrooms during a 7-day storage period. The goal was to assess the potential impact of these coatings on preserving the mushrooms' quality over time. The results showed that the coatings had a significant effect on reducing weight loss compared to uncoated samples. The lowest weight loss was observed in the 0.5% leek powder and no sunflower oil, while the highest was in 2.5% leek powder and 0.1% sunflower oil. Shrinkage was also positively affected by the coatings, with 1.5% leek powder and no sunflower oil showing the most promising results. The L* values of the coated samples declined slightly, indicating better color preservation, while the a* values exhibited stable redness/greenness. On the other hand, b* values increased, indicating an increase in yellowness during storage. The ΔE values were lower for the coated samples, suggesting less color deviation compared to uncoated ones. Overall, the study indicates that these edible coatings have the potential to maintain the quality of mushrooms during storage, leading to better preservation and extended shelf life.

Identification of Fungal Pathogens Belongs to Alternaria, Aspergillus, Fusarium and Penicillium Genera on Onion Plant (Allium cepa L.) Growing in Hatay, Amasya and Tokat Provinces Using MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry

Merve Kara — 2023-09-27

Plant fungal disease agents cause significant yield and quality losses in onion growing areas. In addition to yield losses, they cause negative effects that reduce the quality and export potential of the product, resulting in significant economic losses during harvest, post-harvest, processing and marketing stages. In recent years, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization-Time Of Flight Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) has emerged as a rapid, cost-effective, reproducible, and powerful technique for identifying microorganisms, and its impact on microbiological diagnosis has transformed workflow in equipped laboratories. In this study, proteomic analyzes were performed on Alternaria, Aspergillus, Fusarium and Penicillium species isolated from onion growing areas in Hatay, Amasya, and Tokat provinces. After extraction of mycelium from single spore cultures of the isolates with ethanol-formic acid, the spectra of the individual fungal isolates were determined using the Flex control software program. These spectra were compared with Maldi Biotyper Real-Time Classification (RTC) and identification was performed. Of 519 different fungal isolates, 435 representative fungal isolates (83.8%) were identified by MALDI TOF MS. Eighty-four fungal isolates could not be identified because they were not in a satisfactory range of purity and identification. Of the 435 isolates, 269 (61.8%) were identified as Fusarium spp., 80 isolates (18.4%) were identified as Alternaria spp., 60 isolates (13.8%) as Aspergillus spp., and 26 isolates (6.0%) as Penicillium spp. Among the fungal isolates, 72.5% of the Fusarium isolates, 78.8% of the Alternaria isolates, 90.0% of the Aspergillus isolates and 84.6% of the Penicillium isolates were identified as “highly probable” species with score values between 2,000-3,000 (green color). The results clearly demonstrate that MALDI TOF MS biotyping may be used as a highly reliable and economical diagnostic method for routine diagnosis of diseases caused by Alternaria, Aspergillus, Fusarium and Penicillium species.

RNAi-Mediated Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing Strategies in Honey Bees

Kemal Karabağ — 2023-09-27

Gene silencing technology (knock-down) via RNA interference (RNAi), a contemporary molecular method, represents an RNA-based, sequence-specific, post-transcriptional approach. RNAi has demonstrated its efficacy in reducing gene expression across a wide array of organisms, encompassing plants, mammals, and insects. Studies conducted on diverse organism groups have significantly contributed to comprehending both the operational mechanism of RNAi and the roles of genes within these organisms' biological processes. Among the organisms benefiting extensively from RNAi is the honey bee Apis mellifera. This technology, serving as a crucial natural antiviral defense mechanism in bees, has proven highly effective in probing genes associated with the immune system and in combatting pests and pathogens. Consequently, this study undertakes a review of the existing literature to delineate the potential applications, usage areas, and strategies of RNAi technology in honey bees.

How Does the Use of Natural Sugar Alternatives in Soft Candy Manufacturing Affect Product Properties?

Hatice Reyhan — 2023-09-27

Soft candy products are known as popular that can be preferred by consumers of all ages, especially children, due to their attractive appearance, pleasant taste and texture. In recent years, there has been a rapid increase in the number of studies proving that confectionery products, which are known to contain high-energy and low-nutrient additives, can be turned into healthier and more functional products. In order to produce these products with the desired properties, it is necessary to optimize the process parameters such as product formulation and ingredients, etc. In this study, it was aimed to investigate the effect of the use of alternative sugar sources (fruit concentrates and honey) on the product properties of soft sugars. It was also examined whether the aroma coming from the natural sugar sources used in the production of soft candy was liked by the panelists. Some chemical, sensory and textural properties of soft candies produced according to the optimized formulations were analyzed. According to the findings, , it was found that plain soft sugar (evaluated as control group in this study, which was produced from granulated sugar, had an extremely elastic, sticky and soft structure and required more energy to chew before swallowing, while soft candies produced from alternative sugar sources had a harder and less elastic structure than plain soft candy. On the other hand, although there was no statistically significant difference between the analyzed samples in terms of appearance (color) and aroma (P>0.05), it was observed that the aroma of the plain soft candy (2±1) was not liked by the panelists and negatively affected the purchase intention (2±1). The findings of this study show that parameters of production processes can affect the quality and consumer appreciation of the final product.

Mercuric Chloride‐Induced Hepatotoxicity In Female Wistar Rats

Hafidha Mehallah — 2023-09-27

Mercury is one of the most hazardous environmental and industrial pollutants found in various chemical forms such as elemental, organic and inorganic mercury. It is a toxic chemical, its exposure leads to damage in a variety of tissues and organs. Mercury exposure also leads to gastrointestinal disorders and hormonal imbalance. A specific concern about mercury exposure in people is the need for efficient treatment to cope with poisoning. The central nervous system, gastrointestinal system, kidney and liver are the main target sites of mercury toxicity. Plant products and their active components are the sources of natural antioxidants that can protect tissues and organs from oxidative stress and thus play a significant role in metal detoxification. The present study was to determined the impact of Morinda longissima ethanolic extract (150 and 300 mg/kg body weight) on mercuric chloride (HgCl2) (1.5 mg/kg b.w.)-mediated hepatic oxidative toxicity in rats. Compared with antioxidant synthetic alpha- Tocopherol (100 mg/kg b. w). The experiment was carried out in female rats which was divided into five groups as follow: negative control, positive control (HgCl2), ML 150 mg/kg + HgCl2, ML 300 mg/kg + HgCl2 and Tocopherol 100 mg/kg + HgCl2. Animals were treated for 10 days; the rats were administered by single dose of HgCl2 (1.5 mg/kg b.w.) in physiological saline intraperitoneal. Twenty-four hours after the last treatment, all rats were sacrificed and liver tissues were isolated for histological parameters. The results showed that HgCl2 caused a marked damage in tissues HgCl2 changed histological integrity of liver. In contrast to this, Morinda longissima decreased histopathological alterations compared with standard and positive group.

Microbial Fertilizers and Usage Areas

Mahmut Baran — 2023-09-28

In crop production, many agronomic practices with chemical contents that will increase the yield per unit area and product quality are used. In this respect, soil pollution and heavy metal accumulation increase as a result of excessive use of chemical fertilizers, which are among the most effective practices. In recent years, different microorganisms have been used to promote the growth of plants, to increase their tolerance to diseases and pests, to support their tolerance to salt, drought, and frost stresses, and to make plant nutrients useful in the form that are not used by plants in the soil. Thus, it is aimed to prevent environmental pollution by using less chemical fertilizers and to enhance yield and quality in crop production. These products, called microbial fertilizers, have positive effects on different plant species as a result of various studies. For these reasons, microbial fertilizers should be extensively used for different purposes and their use will be widespread in the coming years.

Tiger Nut (Cyperus esculentus) Milk Powder: Effects of Preservatives on Quality Characteristics

Ahmad Sani — 2023-09-28

Tiger nut milk (Kunun aya) is a traditional fermented non-alcoholic beverage widely consumed in northern parts of Nigeria especially during the dry season. The short lifespan of tiger nut milk beverage affects its large scale production and profitability. Big yellow tiger nuts were thoroughly washed with warm water, air-dried and then grinded into powder. The powder milk was then, divided into four portions and subjected to the following treatments; 0.05 g% sodium benzoate, 0.05 g% gelatin, a combination of 0.05 g% of gelatin and sodium benzoate and a fresh tiger nut powder as a control. The samples were stored at room temperature (28 ± 2 ^oC) and the influence of added preservatives on nutrients and sensory quality of the samples were evaluated every week for a duration of six (6) weeks. The protein content increased slightly after storage, vitamin C & E contents of the treated milk samples were found to be significantly (P<0.05) different compared with the control sample after storage. The mineral elements of the treated milk samples were not significantly (P>0.05) different with the control sample at the respective storage time. The sensory quality characteristics and general acceptability of the tiger nut milk powder were not statistically affected by addition of preservatives and storage time. This study successfully processed tiger nut into milk powder with good acceptability.

Effect of Oil Marination on Nutrient Content of Fresh Tomato

Shafa'atu Giwa Ibrahim — 2023-09-28

Tomato is one of the most widely consumed fresh vegetables in the world. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of oil marination on nutrient content of fresh tomatoes. The tomatoes were grouped into three. The group 1 served as the fresh (control), group 2 was the unblanched and group 3 was the blanched tomatoes. Both the groups 2 and 3 were oil immersed and stored for 6 weeks. The vitamins (A, C and E) contents of the fresh marinated tomatoes (75.14mg/100g, 15.14mg/100g and 154.34mg/100g) respectively were significantly (P<0.05) higher than the concentration found in the unblanched and blanched marinated tomatoes. The lycopene content of the fresh oil marinated tomatoes is 21.53mg/100g which was significantly (P<0.05) higher than the unblanched tomatoes (16.64 to 17.81 mg/100g) and the blanched (19.05 to 20.63 mg/100g). The sodium ion concentration on fresh sample is 122.01mg/kg, this value was significantly (P<0.05) higher than that of blanched and unblanched marinated tomatoes. There was no significant difference in the calcium ion and potassium ion concentration of the fresh tomatoes with that of blanched and unblanched samples. The magnesium ion content in the fresh sample was 1.4 mg/kg which was significantly (P<0.05) greater than that of the blanched marinated tomatoes (0.95 to 1.26mg/kg) and the unblanched (0.89 to 1.14mg/kg). The oil marinated tomatoes did not rotten for the entire six weeks under observation. This might be a better way for a long-term preservation of fresh tomatoes.

Evaluating the Effect of Agricultural Credit Facility on the Volume of Rice Production in Selected Areas of Dinajpur District, Bangladesh

Rozina Yeasmin — 2023-09-30

The study aims at determining the factors for influencing the agricultural credit adoption by the farmers as well as estimating the effect of agricultural credit received from either of formal or informal credit sources and all farmers on rice productivity. Socioeconomic characteristics of rice farmers are also explored. The study uses both secondary and primary data. The primary data was collected from 255 rice farmers by using field survey during December, 2022 by means of multistage random sampling design. Logit regression model and the Cobb-douglas production function are estimated to predict the effects of agricultural credit along with conventional inputs of production on rice productivity. In the regression outcome for all farmers, nine out of fourteen regressors viz, household size, land holding, credit amount, seed, pesticide, age, extension service and distance from the nearest market have a significant impact on rice productivity. While, in the regression result for formal source beneficiaries, seven independent variables viz, farming experience, credit amount, irrigation and distance, age, fertilizer and pesticide have a significant effect on rice productivity. In the regression result for informal source beneficiaries, four independent variables viz, household size, credit amount, seed and irrigation have a significant effect on rice productivity. In the regression result for no credit holders, six independent variables viz, seed, irrigation, fertilizer and pesticide, other cost and distance have a significant effect on rice productivity. Moreover, logistic regression shows that age, education, household size, experience, land size, SDI and average cost are the key significant determinants of the credit access for the farmers. Thus, this study emphasizes more on informal credit sources that is more proficient for the farmers to ensure high rice productivity in general.

Agricultural Waste to Health, Safety and Environment: A critical review

Esthella Ekong — 2023-09-30

The preservation of the environment is very important to the sustainability of all living things and must not be treated with levity because there are consequences, sometimes irreversible. This review focused on the conversion of agricultural waste products to biochar which is the solid carbon-rich product that remains after the pyrolysis process, it has a porous structure and a high surface area, which makes it useful for the adsorption of heavy metals from waste water. Man’s daily activities for survival produces waste water some of which contain heavy metals, these metals contribute heavily to the destruction of the environment due to their toxic nature. Several research works have been consulted in this review and it was observed that biochar is easily accessible because of the abundance of agricultural waste and is very effective in the removal of heavy metals from waste water although the biochar from some waste products is more effective than the other. Further more the study revealed that in addition to the effectiveness of biochar it is a very safe practice and should be encouraged for the sustainability of the environment.

Urban Vegetable Production in Ghana: Investigating the Financial Viability and Key Drivers of Irrigation Techniques

Enoch Kwame Tham-Agyekum — 2023-09-30

Irrigation is an integral part of vegetable production in the cities of Ghana. Urban vegetable farmers therefore have to make a choice with regards their livelihood and the interests of consumers in their decision to adopt an irrigation technique. This study investigates the factors that influence vegetable farmers’ decision to use various irrigation techniques for production in the Kumasi Metropolis of Ghana. A total of 150 vegetable farmers were selected using the simple random approach from three purposively selected sub-metros in the Kumasi Metropolis. The most common irrigation technique used for vegetable production in Kumasi was watering can irrigation (relatively less expensive). The revenue of vegetable farmers who use pump for irrigation was 18.23% more than those who use watering can for irrigation. Farm size, source of water, annual production cycles, seasonal revenue, household size, lettuce production and method of land acquisition influenced vegetable farmers’ decision to use an irrigation technique. The labour intensive nature of watering can irrigation was identified as the key constraint associated with its use, whilst that of pump irrigation was the high cost involved. The study concludes that pump irrigation is cost-effective, less laborious and encourages relatively large-scale production. Therefore, the adoption of pump for irrigation is recommended.

The Effect of Feather Score on Egg Quality Traits

Gamze Erdoğanöz — 2023-09-30

In this study, the effect of feather score on egg quality traits was investigated. A total of 60 Lohman Brown layer chickens were used as animal materials. Experimental groups were formed when the hens were 60 weeks old and, based on the average total feather score included low (less than 12 points, L); medium (between 12 and 18, M); high (more than 18, H). The average total feather scores were obtained from scoring the 6 body regions of hens: breast, back, cloaca, neck, wing, and tail. Quality traits of eggs were analyzed when the experimental birds reached 68 weeks of age. The results indicated statistically significant differences in the egg weight, redness of eggshell, shape index, and eggshell thickness among the feather score groups: the egg weight decreased with the increase in feather score, and the eggshell thickness increased with the increase in the feather scores. The redness of eggshell and the shape index were highest in the M group.

It was concluded that while feather score can modulate some external egg traits, it does not lead to variations in any internal egg quality traits. However, further studies are required to confirm these findings.

Farmers' indigenous knowledge indicators employed for climate change adaptation in the Tolon District, Ghana

Ammal Abukari — 2023-09-30

In Ghana, many indigenous farmers rely on rain-fed agriculture for their subsistence. Thus, reliable local weather predictions are crucial for informing indigenous farmers of climate change alternatives. The literature is replete with examples of how scientific understanding has fallen short in rural areas.

Over the past century, indigenous knowledge has aided rural farming families in meeting the challenges posed by climate stresses and enhancing decisions for adaptation mechanisms. To guarantee that indigenous knowledge systems receive enough commendation, there is much space for improvement in the assessment procedures. This research seeks to investigate farmers' perspectives on indigenous knowledge of weather forecasts for climate adaptation and to evaluate farmers' perceptions regarding climate change in the Tolon district of Ghana. The study used questionnaires, interviews and focus group discussions to gather information on farmers' indigenous knowledge indicators for weather forecasting within communities in the Tolon district. The findings showed an array of farmers' indigenous indicators for weather forecasting, including the star and moon movement, the emergence of red and black ants, wind movement, flowering and fruit production of some indigenous trees, behaviour of certain trees (unfurling baobab tree new leaves), croaking of frogs, birds, the appearance of rainbow and lightening. A deeper understanding of indigenous knowledge networks should be a critical factor in choosing effective adaptation methods for climate change. Therefore, it is recommended that policymakers improve indigenous communities of the effects of climatic stresses to boost agricultural output.

Farmers’ Satisfaction on Extension and Advisory Services of National Agricultural Technology Program for Sustainable Livestock Farming: A Field Level Study from Comilla District of Bangladesh

Md. Masud Rana — 2023-09-30

This study aims to investigate the level of satisfaction of farmers on the extension and advisory services of National Agricultural Technology Program (NATP) for livestock farming in Chandina upazila (sub-district) under Comilla district of Bangladesh. A structured questionnaire was used to collect data from randomly sampled 120 livestock farmers. Findings of the study clearly revealed that the majority of the farmers (58%) had moderate level of satisfaction while 30% of the respondents had high level of satisfaction towards extension and advisory services of NATP. The empirical findings of our study clearly showed that farm size, knowledge on livestock farming and training exposure were crucial while further analyses indicated that knowledge on livestock farming and farm size were the most influential factors determining the satisfaction level of farmers in the study area. The policy implications of our study suggests that emphasis should be given to determine demand, condition and knowledge level of livestock farmers. The easy access to hands-on training, cost-effective livestock farming technologies and credit support can be effective to improve farmers’ satisfaction. All these initiatives will lead to accelerate sustainable livestock farming practices in the study area.

Influence of microplastic on soil properties

Monisha Mondol — 2023-09-30

Microplastics (MPs) (plastic particles smaller than 5 mm) pollution is a growing concern. Due to their hazardous compounds and ability to carry additional contaminants, MPs are typically regarded as an emergent environmental concern. Solid waste that has been composted is used as a source of organic matter and nutrients in agricultural soils. Additionally, by using it, the principles of the circular economy are followed, and landfilling or incineration is avoided. Despite being the primary source of MP entering aquatic habitats, land-based sources of these particles, such as solid waste, have gotten very little attention. Sludge, food waste, and landfill debris are the primary sources of solid waste. The majority of the MPs were in the form of fibers and fragments, showing that the widespread use of agricultural films is currently the main factor impacting soil MP pollution. The considerable alterations in soil phosphatase and plant root biomass further indicated the possible influence of MP on the cycle of soil nutrients and geochemical elements. The aim and objective of this research are to investigate MP toxicity, contamination in soil, and the significant effects of MP contamination in soil from solid waste. In order to investigate the causes, effects, and present perspective of MP pollution of soil, plants, the human food chain, and other living environments, numerous scientific databases of identification, occurrences, and impacts were examined for pertinent material and citations. Search engines like Google Scholar, Springer Link, Elsevier, Frontiers, etc. were used to find this scholarly literature. This review evaluates the toxicity, major effects on living things and the environment, production, pathway, contamination of the source of MP, MPs in landfill leachate, contamination pathway from solid waste to agricultural soil, and life cycles of MP. This study also discusses the laws, rules, and many forms of advanced treatment methods for mitigation linked to MP.

Unraveling the Shift: Exploring Factors Influencing Protein Preference and Consumption Patterns in Ga South Municipality of Ghana

Nasir Abdallah — 2023-10-01

This study aims to unravel the factors influencing protein preference and consumption patterns in the Ga South Municipality of Ghana. Uunderstanding the determinants of protein preferences is crucial for promoting environmentally friendly and healthy dietary habits. One hundred and fifty structurally designed questionnaires were collected from a representative sample of residents in the municipality through a random sampling approach. The study explored the socio-cultural and economic factors that shape protein preferences and consumption behaviors. Additionally, the study examined the role of awareness, knowledge, and availability of protein sources in influencing dietary choices. Findings revealed that respondents consume protein daily, but the pattern varies with sources. Plant protein consumption was weekly, while animal protein was consumed daily. Respondents know the nutritional benefits of protein consumption and the degree of healthiness of protein sources. A significant finding was that price influences the decision to consume and the preference for protein sources. The findings of this research provide valuable insights into the complex dynamics of protein preference and consumption, contributing to the development of targeted interventions and policies that promote sustainable and nutritious food choices in the Ga South Municipality of Ghana. While awareness for protein nutrition is high, the price remains a deterrent to accessing protein in Ga South Municipality. Policymakers must support local food production and reduce the high cost of transportation and logistic barriers, often creating a massive difference between farm gate and market prices.

Keywords: Animal protein, Ghana, consumption, plant protein, preference

The Nutrition and Health Potential of Philippine “Kurumbot” (Passiflora foetida Linn.) Wild Fruit

Aimee Sheree Adato Barrion — 2023-10-01

There is scarce information on the nutritional and health benefits of “Kurumbot”, a wild indigenous edible fruit in the Philippines, despite its potential to enhance the diversity of diets and curb the impacts of food and nutrition insecurity; thus, the study was conducted to determine the local wild fruit’s nutritional content namely, the proximate composition and beta-carotene and its non-nutrient components that offer health functions. The ripe yellow fruit pulp sample was found to contain 69.49%. moisture, 0.48% ash, 0.64% crude fiber, 7.39% crude protein, 13.15% crude fat and 8.85% carbohydrates. A high scavenging activity (86.11% DPPH) was noted from the sample. Phytochemical screening of the fruit sample revealed 315.25 mg CE/100g phenols, 231.61mg GE/100g flavonoids, 0.79 mg GYE/100g saponins and 4.20 mg CE/100mg tannins. An amount of 1371.00ug/100g beta-carotene was measured from the fruit pulp sample. This study fills in the knowledge gap that hinders the utilization of indigenous crops to improve nutrition and secure food supply. Promoting the consumption of “Kurumbot” can complement the staple diet by providing additional sources of nutrients and health benefits.

Performance of Laying Hens Fed on Moringa Oleifera Leaf- Meal-and Descriptive Attributes of Eggs

Abdou Karim Darboe — 2023-10-02

ABSTRACT

The increasing cost of feed resources in livestock production severely impedes meeting the demand for animal protein; this challenge has necessitated research to evaluate feed resources that could reduce the cost of feeding without negatively influencing the performance of the birds. This study, therefore, evaluated the effect of different inclusion levels of Moringa oleifera in exotic laying hen's diet on average feed intake, body weight gain, feed conversion ratio, laying percentage (HDP), and Egg weight; the Experimental diets contained: 0, 10, 15, 20% MOLM. Thirty-six (36) sixteen (16) week-old ISA Brown layers were distributed into 12 deep litter pens, each with three hens, and randomly allocated to four dietary treatments in a completely randomized design. Average daily feed intake, daily weight gain, feed conversion ratio, laying percentage, and egg weight were determined for ten (10) weeks. The data were analyzed using a general linear model (GLM). Tukey's test was used to differentiate significant means (p<0.05). Results from the feeding trial showed that birds fed on the diet with 20% MOLM recorded the highest average daily feed intake, and the highest hen day production (HDP) was obtained from birds fed on the 10% MOLM diet. There was no significant difference between 0% and 10% MOLM on the Average daily gain; diets with 0% MOLM and diet with 10% did not differ (p<0.05) on feed conversion ratio. The hens fed with the 20% MOLM diet had the lowest FCR.

Unveiling the Enigmas of Night Soil Composting: Boosting Carrot Length, Diameter, and Weight in Ruhango District, Southern Province, Rwanda.

Erastus Dushimeyesu — 2023-10-02

This research investigated the efficacy of night soil composting as a sustainable agricultural practice to enhance carrot growth in Ruhango District, Southern Province, Rwanda. The study employed a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with four distinct treatments: local soil + night soil (T1), sandy soil + night soil (T2), local soil from the field (T3), and sandy soil only (T4 - Control). Each treatment was replicated four times to ensure robust statistical analysis.

The results demonstrated that treatments incorporating night soil (T1 and T2) consistently outperformed both the control group (T4) and local soil without night soil (T3). Carrots in T1 exhibited significant increases in length (23.5 cm), diameter (4.2 cm), and weight (82.5 grams). T2 also showed substantial improvements with mean values of 22.8 cm, 4.0 cm, and 80.7 grams for length, diameter, and weight, respectively. Treatment 3 (T3) provided modest growth enhancements compared to the control group, reinforcing the potential benefits of soil amendments. The control group (T4) represented baseline growth metrics.

In conclusion, night soil composting, particularly when integrated into local and sandy soils, emerged as a promising strategy to significantly enhance carrot production in Ruhango District. These findings offer valuable insights for sustainable agricultural practices, emphasizing the potential of night soil composting to improve crop yields and food security in similar agricultural regions. Further research and practical implementations are warranted to explore the scalability and long-term sustainability of this innovative approach.Top of Form

The Effects of Foliar Gibberellic Acid Applications on Tuber Yield, Quality and Dormancy Period in Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.)

Fatma Zehra Ok — 2023-10-02

This study was carried out in Isparta ecological conditions in 2021 and 2022 in order to determine the effects of different doses of Gibberellic acid (GA₃) applications on tuber yield, quality and dormancy period in potato. GA₃ applications (0, 50, 100 and 200 mg GA₃/l) were started 45 days after planting (pre-flowering period) and sprayed on leaves at 15-day intervals in 4 different periods. In the study, together with the GA₃ applications, an increase of 56% in the number of tubers and up to 36% in the tuber yield, while the average tuber weight and marketable tuber rates decreased significantly. The highest tuber yield was obtained from 100 and 200 mg/L GA₃ doses made 75 days after planting. GA₃ applications caused tuber disorders, and the rate of cracked tubers and secondary growing tubers increased with the increase in GA₃ dose. GA₃ applications caused a decrease in chlorophyll (SPAD value) content and tuber dry matter ratio. The dormancy period, which was broken 110 days in the control, was shortened to 80 days with 200 mg/L GA₃ applications made 90 days after planting. In the study, it was understood that the number and yield of tubers in potatoes can be increased significantly with foliar GA₃ applications in production for seed purposes, and the dormancy period of tubers in the post-harvest storage period can be shortened, and it can be advantageous especially for early and second potato productions.

The Effect of Fertilizer Diversity in Agricultural Applications on Product Quality in Fruits and Vegetables

Ayşe Ulusoy — 2023-10-02

The quality of agricultural production is significantly influenced by the conditions in which the products are grown, and among these factors, the diversity of fertilizers is of great importance. Therefore, research on fertilizers that affect all quality characteristics of agricultural products during their consumption as food products is highly important. In this paper, the relationship between various fertilizer types used in plant cultivation conditions and the quality characteristics of agricultural products has been investigated. The literature has shown that the quality of agricultural food products is influenced by the type of fertilizer used, application rate, irrigation technique, and related parameters. Therefore, the type, quantity, and technique of fertilizer application used in the cultivation of various plant species should be determined. In addition to basic nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium essential for plant growth, micro-nutrients must also be provided. In this context, questions about the product quality that the use of organic and inorganic fertilizers will create should be answered through research. This paper emphasizes the potential impact of the use of organic fertilizers on the final product, and explores the environmental pollution effects of organic or inorganic fertilizers, as well as the direct impact they have on food quality in food production.

Thymus sp. ın Landscape Design Studies Use of the Plant

Gülden Sandal Erzurumlu — 2023-10-02

In our world and in our country, the living conditions of plant species are getting difficult due to the increasing temperature, thirst, and the shift of seasons due to the effect of global warming. Environmental conditions slow down the development of plant species and varieties. Therefore, it has been necessary to be selective in plant species that can be used in landscape planning and design studies. For these reasons, the use of natural plant species of that region has been intensified in design studies. Since natural plant species are suitable for environmental conditions, they are more durable and require less maintenance. In addition, expanding the usage areas of natural plant species will lead to the sustainability of the species. Therefore, in our study, Thymus sp. plant was examined. It is not possible to use them in design studies without knowing the developmental characteristics of plant species. In our study, Thymus sp. types have been examined and suggestions have been developed regarding their usage areas.

Evaluation of Green Areas in Faculty Areas

Gülden Sandal Erzurumlu — 2023-10-02

Green areas have been a part of our lives from past to present. It will continue in the same way in the future. However, the boundaries of green areas are decreasing over time. Green spaces are of great importance for our spiritual and physical development at all ages. It is important to use green space everywhere in private or public areas in urban or rural areas. Green areas are needed in social activity areas. For this reason, creating green spaces within educational institutions and campus areas will increase the visual quality of the space. Considering the space demands that students need during their academic studies and making designs according to their wishes will positively affect the instructors and students. In this study, the subject of design in campus areas according to the needs of the faculty will be examined. Suggestions will be made according to the questions of what should be considered in landscape design according to the needs of the faculty. In this context, discussions will be made on the landscape work of Niğde Ömer Halisdemir University, Faculty of Communication.

Effect of Fruit Juice Addition on Bioactive and Sensory Properties of Tahini Halva

Berhan Ulaş Sabah — 2023-10-02

In this study, sensory properties, total phenolic contents, total flavonoid contents, antioxidant activities and phenolic components of tahini halva prepared with the addition of orange juice and lemon juice in a halva enterprise in Akşehir district of Konya were investigated. The highest total phenolic content was found in the sample containing lemon juice (120.17 mg/100 g). The highest value in total flavonoid content was observed in the sample prepared with the addition of lemon juice (19.00 mg/100 g). Antioxidant activity of halva increased slightly with the addition of fruit juice. While the gallic acid and cinnamic acid contents of the samples decreased with the addition of fruit juice, it was determined that the 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid and catechin components increased with the addition of orange juice. When the fatty acid compositions were examined, while the oleic acid content decreased slightly with the addition of fruit juice (38.03-37.65%), no significant difference was found in the linoleic acid content (46.30-46.70%). Considering the general impression in this study, tahini halva with added fruit juice received high scores and was presented as an innovative taste.

Dr Effects Of Preservation Methods On Ph, Proximate Composition And Microbial Quality Of Laboratory Scale Tiger Nut Milk Beverage

Shafa'atu Giwa Ibrahim — 2023-10-02

Tiger nut (Cyperus esculentus) milk beverage is a nutritive, energetic and popular drink mostly produced and consumed in Northern Nigeria. However, the beverage has poor shelf-life which hampered its large-scale production and profitability. Big yellow tiger nut was soaked in 3 L of tap water at 60^oC for 6 hours, additives such as coconut, date and ginger were added and blended. The extracted milk was divided into nine portions and subjected to the following treatments pasteurization, sterilization, ultraviolet light, freezing and sodium benzoate. Proximate composition and microbial quality of both the fresh and treated samples were investigated over 9 day storage period. The pH of the milk samples significantly (p<0.05) decreased over the storage period due to microbial activity. Preservation by freezing maintained most of the nutrient content of tiger nut milk whereas all ambient temperature preserved (28 to 32^oC) samples had a significant (p<0.05) decrease in crude fiber and total carbohydrates and a significant increase in crude lipid. The less acidic the products are the higher their bacterial load. The bacterial load for the preserved milk ranged from 5.19±0.06 to 6.84±0.03 log₁₀cfu/ml. The organisms isolated from the samples were Staphylococcus species, Bacillus species, Clostridium species, Saccharomyces species and Rhizopus oryzae. The findings indicate that the excellent keeping quality of tiger nut milk is due in great part to pH.

Impacts of Biochar Treatments on Some Soil Properties and Micronutrient Availability in the Farmland of Misau, Bauchi State, Nigeria

Hamza Badamasi — 2023-10-03

The application of biochar as a soil amendment has been recognized as an environmentally friendly and highly efficient strategy for restoring the fertility of the soil and increasing agricultural productivity. In this study, the impacts of Senna tora biochar treatments on soil properties and micronutrient availability in the farmlands of Misau, Bauchi State, Nigeria, were investigated. A complete randomized design replicated three times, which included control soil (no biochar/0 day), 30 days, and 60 days of biochar treatments, was adapted. After treatments, the biochar was removed and the soil samples from each treatment were analyzed for pH, soil bulk density (BD), cation exchange capacity (CEC), organic carbon (OC) and micronutrient levels using various analytical methods. The results of the analysis show pH, OC and CEC values increased significantly (p ≤ 0.05) from 6.66 to 7.89, 3.40 to 3.90 g/kg and 5.16 to 7.29 cmol/kg respectively, while BD decreased significantly from 1.56 to 1.48 g/cm³ after 60 days of biochar treatment. The levels of Mn, Cu and Zn increased from 188.25 to 286.12 mg/kg, 14.38 to 41.88 mg/kg and 68.63 to 140.19 mg/kg respectively, while levels of Fe decreased from 9460.00 to 4782.73 mg/kg after 60 days of biochar treatments. Application of Senna tora biochar has generally led to a significant improvement in the fertility of the soil. It is therefore recommended that Senna tora biochar be used in the field to demonstrate its practical application.

In-vitro probiotic properties of Lactobacillus satsumensis LC311746.1 isolated from water kefir grains

Çağlar Gökırmaklı — 2023-10-03

Lactobacillus satsumensis LC311746.1 was isolated from water kefir grains. Then, the bacterial isolate was tested for gastrointestinal conditions, hydrophobicity, aggregation ability, antibiotic resistance, antimicrobial properties, and cholesterol-lowering properties. The results showed that the bacterial isolate was resistant to acidic conditions even after 3 hours of exposure. Resistance to bile salt, pepsin, and pancreatin enzymes was also greater than 90% at the end of each experiment. The isolate had a relatively low hydrophobic capacity of up to 20%, but had a high autoaggregation capacity. On the other hand, the isolate had relatively low coaggregation ability with Staphylococcus aureus. In addition, the isolate was sensitive to more than two antibiotics, indicating that it was safe for human consumption. Also, L. satsumensis showed medium antimicrobial activities against pathogenic bacteria, e.g. Campylobacter jejuni, Escherichia coli, Salmonella Enteritidis, Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella Typhimurium. The cholesterol reducing ability of the isolate was also detected. In conclusion, L. satsumensis LC311746.1 has promising probiotic properties that could be useful for the development of novel health-friendly food products.

Arabidopsis RAP2.6 gene is involved in tolerance to multiple biotic and abiotic stresses

Muhammad Amjad Ali — 2023-10-03

Transcription factors constitute complicated defense responses in plants to combat biotic and abiotic stresses. The APETALA2/Ethylene Responsive Factors (AP2/ERF) particularly the RAP2 subgroup, play crucial roles in diverse stress responses and developmental processes. We studied RAP2 genes in A. thaliana, G. max, M. truncatula, V. radiata, V. angularis, O. sativa, Z. mays, and S. bicolor to elucidate their prevalence, structural characteristics, and evolution. After basic characterization, we elucidated their detailed expression profiling through analysing gene expression data available on SRA-NCBI and GEO projects in A. thaliana against biotic (fungi and nematodes) and abiotic stress (abscisic acid (ABC), jasmonic acid (JA), salicylic acid (SA), ethylene, and salt). Finally, the expression of RAP2.6 was studied in detail through RT-PCR, creating promoter::GUS and T-DNA mutant lines. A total of 73 RAP2 genes were identified in the above mentioned economically important crops and they were grouped into two distinct groups: ERF and RAV (Group 1), and AP2 (Group 2). The expression of RAP2 genes revealed that RAP2.6 (except nematodes) and RAP2.7 were upregulated in all cases, while RAP2.10 and RAP2.11 were downregulated. This suggests that these genes may play a different role in different stress responses. The overexpression and mutant lines revealed that RAP2.6 was inducible by P. syringae but downregulated in H. schachtii induced syncytia from a very early time point on. GUS expression of RAP2.6 revealed its highest expression in ABA (12 h), Mannitol (12 h), NaCl, and wounding (0.5 h) treatments. While it was downregulated in cold, heat and desiccation treatments at all time points. Overexpression of RAP2.6 led to an elevated resistance against H. schachtii. These findings provide new insights into the role of RAP2 genes in plant stress response and development. More research is needed to confirm these findings and to identify the specific pathways that are regulated by these genes. However, the results suggest that RAP2 genes play an important role in plant adaptation to a variety of stresses.

Influence of seed priming on morpho-physiological traits associated with drought tolerance in maize

Aliza Iqbal — 2023-10-03

Maize (Zea mays L.) is one of the most important grain crops in Pakistan and is produced throughout the country under diverse environmental conditions. The maize crop faces many drastic abiotic challenges, but drought is considered the most alarming factor that reduces plant growth and yield. Seed priming is a well-known method and most adapted mechanism that mitigates drought stress and ultimately enhances the growth development as well as grain yield of plants. The objective of the present study was to assess the effect of different seed priming approaches on plant growth and development in maize in addition to evaluate the potential of various seed priming techniques for mitigating drought stress in maize. By keeping these facts in mind, a pot experiment was conducted under a completely randomized design under natural conditions to study the influence of different priming agents on morpho-physiological characters related to water deficit conditions in maize. Seed priming agents developed drought tolerance mechanisms in maize plants which ultimately enhanced the morpho-physiological parameters and gradually increased growth development in early stage of development. The obtained data were analyzed through ANOVA and variations between all the parameters of both maize varieties were measured at 5% probability level. It was concluded that both varieties of maize through morpho-physiological attributes showed best behavior under seed primed conditions. Overall variety Pak-Afgoi responded well to the seed priming approach to mitigate the drought stress in maize. Moreover, the results demonstrated clear and significant impact of seed priming on both maize varieties under drought stress for various characters under study. Conclusively, based on the present study, the seed priming may lead to enhanced drought tolerance in maize.

Comparison of Live Body Weight, Fluctuating Asymmetry and Location Effect on Behavior in Laying Hens Reared on Litter Floor with or without Access to Different Plant Compositions

Brian Tainika — 2023-10-03

In this study, Lohmann LSL Classic and Lohmann Sandy strains were housed in litter floor pens without (LF: four replicate pens per strain) or with access to outside pens covered with Petroselinum crispum (PC), Mentha piperita (MP), and Medicago sativa (MS): three replicate pens per strain. LF hens stayed completely indoors from 4 to 52 weeks of age. For the PC, MP, and MS groups, accessibility to outdoor pens began from 12 to 52 weeks of age, daily and continuous between 8:30 am and 15:30 pm. Live body weight (LBW) data was obtained after weighing birds (n = 52) at 31, 42, and 52 weeks of age. Behavior observation was conducted at 32, 42, and 52 weeks of age, but the data was pooled for a more precise estimate. Fluctuating asymmetry (FA) in bilateral traits was assessed at 52 weeks of age (n = 52). LBW was increased with the aging of birds (P<0.001), higher in LS strain than LW strain (P<0.001), but similar among the housing environments (P>0.01). FA of all the measured bilateral traits was similar between strains (P>0.01), but larger FA of face length in MP hens than in other groups was observed (P = 0.012). Also, the strain*housing system interaction effect nearly reached a significant level (P = 0.064), with larger FA in LW hens housed in the MP environment than in other groups. The percentage of birds that were standing, walking, foraging, dust bathing, pecking objects, stretching and wing flapping was higher outside than inside. However, more pecking of other hens and preening behaviors were expressed inside than outside (P<0.01). This research confirms strain differences in live body weight and location effect on expression of many behavioral repertoires in birds. It, however, demonstrates no strain and housing environment disparity in the fluctuating asymmetry of bilateral features.

Comparison of Bcas Application Method for the Management of Leaf Rust in Bread Wheat

Muhammad Shoaib — 2023-10-03

Wheat (Triticum astivum) is a staple crop in Pakistan, an important member of the family Poaceae. Wheat is a key global product in terms of acreage and tradeable value and is a staple food. Wheat is a rich source of nutrients (contains protein, carbohydrates and dietary fiber). The Wheat production in Pakistan during 2021/22 was 26.0 million metric tons, 3% higher than last year of Wheat production of 25.0 million metric tons. Wheat is invaded by many diseases commonly Wheat rust* causes more damage. Wheat rust is caused by a fungus named Puccinia triticina (an obligate plant pathogen) that lies dormant in the temperate zone. The three rust diseases affecting Wheat are leaf, stem and stripe rust. The most common is leaf rust commonly known as Brown rust. Leaf rust causes 50% yield loss annually in Pakistan. The disease is more active in the maximum temperature range of 23.8-27.15°C, while the minimum temperature range of 16-18°C also plays an important role in the development of disease. In this study, different BCAs (Trichoderma harizianum, Bacillus subtillus and Arthrobactor sp.) was applied at maturity via foliar and drench methods and analyzed, to determine which one is the best bio-control agent for reducing the severity of leaf rust disease. In this study, the five Wheat varieties (Anaj-71, Inqlab-91, Punjab-96, Chanab-2000 and Shakar-95) were taken for the research trial. These varieties were cultivated in Randomized complete block design (RCBD) in field conditions. The collected data were analyzed using the analysis of variance technique and the results were analyzed by using the Least Significance Difference (LSD) test at a 5% significance level. Bio-control agents enhance the Wheat morpho-physiological growth which was evident from the characters like height, root weight, leaf fresh and dry weight, number of awns, awns length, number of seed per spikes, number of nodes per plants, internodal length, weight of grain per plants, 1000-grain weight, peduncle length and total production.

Source-sink association of flag leaf with brown rust resistance under the application of BCAs in bread wheat

Ayesha Jabeen — 2023-10-03

Wheat (Triticum aestivum) is a staple food in Pakistan and is an important crop all over the world. It contains carbohydrates, proteins and minerals which are the main ingredients of human diet. The production per unit area of wheat in Pakistan is low due to a number of biotic and abiotic stresses. Among biotic stresses, leaf rust is very important which is infected by the Puccinia triticina. Under favorable environmental condition, leaf rust causes yield losses up to 40%. Flag leaf contributes in grain production and the objective of this study was to assess the source sink relationship between flag leaf and grain yield under leaf rust attack followed by application of different biocontrol agents (BCAs). In the current studies, four wheat varieties were treated with different BCAs and were sown under field conditions along with necessary control treatment. The experiment was conducted under randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. The plants were inoculated with P. triticna both naturally as well as artificially. The result showed the presence of strong source-sink association of flag leaf with grain yield hence this trait could be used as morphological markers for selection of wheat genotypes having superior photosynthetic activity and higher grain yield. Collected data were statistically analyzed for analysis of variance technique and means were compared using Least Significance Difference (LSD) test at probability level of 5%. The result also showed the clear and significant impact of BCAs in the control of this very important wheat disease. The results demonstrated that variety Arooj-2022 showed highest resistance against leaf rust and application of Trichoderma sp. led to maximum control of the disease. The present findings are a way forward for environment friendly management of leaf rust disease in wheat.

K Climate Change, demographic Pressure and Adaptation of Agropastoralism in the Tandjilé province Southern Chad.

Keiba Dar — 2023-10-03

This work set out to examine the link between Soil pressure, The Forage Deficit, Impact of climate change on agropastoral households, Relation between users of agro-pastoral resources misunderstandings between users and some reasons mentioned, Change in transhumance mode and Adaptation in the Tandjilé. The climate by its variability has affected several agro-pastoral sectors in the Province of Tandjilé.

Pastoralism has been in crisis in Tandjilé province. Several (negative) factors contribute to the weakening of animal production and pasture: pressure on pastoral resources, period of flooding, period of low rainfall and the galloping demography. Another solution to the crisis of pastoralism consist to engage in agriculture, alongside livestock breeding. In ten years land pressure was increase to 81.92%. The changes have impacted several agro-pastoral sectors through fodder deficits, declines in agricultural and livestock production, poor distribution of rains and floods. Misunderstanding between the users of agro-pastoral goods often leads to conflicts marked by the deaths of men in the province of Tandjilé.

Effect of extraction solvent and drying condition on the antioxidant potential of Peel and pulp membrane of Punica granatum.

Wajid Khan — 2023-10-03

The current study was designed to study the effect of extraction solvent and drying conditions on the antioxidant activity of pulp membrane and peel of two varieties of Punica granatum. The plant materials were dried under sun and shade conditions. Extracts were prepared in different extraction solvents including methanol, ethyl acetate, hot water, and cold water. DPPH (diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) method was used to measure the negative radical scavenging potential of extracts. The study's findings reveal that all of the shade-dried extracts of plant materials had more antioxidant capacity than the extracts of plant materials dried in the sun. The sun-dried peel extracts also showed similar results of 80%, and 78% for both methanol and water extracts at 250µg/ml. The ethyl acetate and hot water extracts showed almost 70% activity. In contrast, the shade-dried peel methanol extracts of fruity pomegranate showed nearly 83% antioxidant activity followed by hot water with about 81%, water with 78% and ethyl acetate with 72% activity at 250g/ml. In comparison, the sun-dried peel also showed similar results for all the solvent extracts except ethyl acetate, which showed the least activity of 68% at 250g/ml. Furthermore, the extracts prepared in various solvents had varying results in terms of negative radical scavenging activity. Hot water and methanol extracts showed strong antioxidant activity of 80% to 82% while ethyl acetate and water extracts indicated almost a similar 70% antioxidant potential capacity for wild peels of pomegranate. The extracts of peel of wild pomegranate indicate higher antioxidant potential than peel of commercially available pomegranate indicating the genotypic and environmental effect on the expression of metabolites involved in antioxidant activity.

Genomic Identification, Characterization and Phylogenetic analysis of the AP2 Gene Family in Glycine Max

Muhammad Anas — 2023-10-03

Genetic makeup of Glycine max is crucial for unraveling its traits, improving crop yield and quality, and developing sustainable agricultural practices. Glycine max harbors a large number of transcription factor families, including AP2/EREBP, MYB, WRKY, NAC, and bZIP which are involved in diverse developmental processes and stress responses. The AP2 gene is a member of the AP2/EREBP (APETALA2/Ethylene Responsive Element Binding Protein) transcription factor family, which is widely distributed in plants and involved in various physiological and developmental processes. To learn more about the evolution of the AP2 gene family in soybean, the gene structure, or the distribution pattern of introns and exons, of 50 AP2 genes, was identified. Using the NCBI webserver's basic local alignment search tool (BLASTP), the potential AP2 TFs were verified. Map Chart was used to create a chromosomal localization map of the non-redundant Glycine max AP2 genes. The neighbor-joining approach was used to create a phylogenetic tree using the generated alignment. The discovered genes were then checked to see if the proteins they encoded included any AP2-specific primary domains. The average peptide length of AP2 proteins was 211 amino acids, although the range from 2 to 420 amino acids. Two genes are scaffold genes which gives structural support and tissue development in soybean. Gene Structure analysis revealed that Soybean AP2 genes exhibited a diversity with respect to the number of introns e.g ranging from 1 to 9. The gene structure of Glyma.08G225200 was observed because of having maximum portion of exons and only two introns, while there is absence of non-coding region due to very short size of its genomic DNA sequence i.e 0.7 Kb. To identify conserved domains, MEME was applied to the peptide sequences of all AP2 TFs. According to NCBI, all of the genes exhibit duplication in conserved regions. Using the cercoletto tool, genomic areas from Glycine max (soybean) and Arabidopsis thaliana (as a model plant) were examined to learn more about the evolutionary link and functional conservation of the AP2 genes found in both species. These analyses will greatly aid in expediting the functional characterization of AP2 TF.

Integrated Use of Low Cost Materials with Traditionally Used Sawdust in Oyster Mushroom (Pleurotus Ostreatus) Cultivation in Sri Lanka.

G. Sanjaya Budhdhika Gamage — 2023-10-03

Although several alternative substrates have been introduced, Sri Lankan Oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) farmers rely only on sawdust. Currently, there is difficulty in finding traditionally used sawdust as they are used in other industries. Therefore, a study was conducted to cut off the traditionally used mango sawdust (MSD) requirement by combining low-cost natural materials such as Guinea grass (Panicum maxima) leaves (GL) and paddy husk (PH), and another potential sawdust - teak sawdust (TSD). The experiment was designed as a Complete Randomized Design (CRD) with eight substrates; T1: 100% MSD (Control), T2: 50% MSD + 50% PH, T3: 25% MSD + 75% PH, T4: 50% MSD + 50% GL, T5: 25% MSD + 75% GL, T6: 100% TSD, T7: 75% MSD + 25% TSD, T8: 50% MSD + 50% TSD. All the treatments comprised the substrate (30 kg), rice bran (3 kg), mungbean flour (300 g), Calcium oxide (600 g), and Magnesium Sulphate (60 g). Among the substrates evaluated, T1 showed the highest mycelium growth rate (6.83 mm/day), while T7 showed the lowest (5.78 mm/day); T3 spent a minimum duration for primordia initiation (07 days) and first harvest (10 days from the bag opening and 39 days from the inoculation); T7 showed the highest cap diameter (8.07 cm) which is statistically similar to all other treatments except in T3 (7.47 cm); and T4 showed the highest dry weight (46.18 g/kg) and the fresh weight (561.07 g/kg) of harvested mushroom. The biological efficiency was significantly higher in T4, T5 and T2, and it was significantly lower in T7, T6 and T8 than the control. Therefore, incorporation of guinea leaves or paddy husk would be effective to reduce the amount of traditionally used mango sawdust in Oyster mushroom cultivation. Further, Teak sawdust would not as effective as traditionally used mango sawdust.

Physicochemical, Sensorial and Textural Properties of Vegan Ice Creams Produced From Cowpea Milk Analogs

Fatma Korkmaz — 2023-10-03

The aim of this study was to determine the physicochemical, sensorial, and textural properties of vegan ice creams made from different concentrations of cowpea milk (5-20 %), fat (8-20 %), sugar (15-30 %), gum (0.2-1 %), emulgator and aroma (at fixed concentrations). Twenty different formulations of ice cream or frozen dessert were produced using response surface methodology, Box-Behnken design. The whiteness value of the products was significantly affected by the amount of fat, independent of the legume concentration. However, b* values of the ice creams showed high and significant correlation with the concentration of the cowpea. Destabilized fat index increased in formulations with high fat and low gum content (p<0.05). The amount of gum was also highly effective on the melting characteristics of the ice cream samples. The higher the gum content, the longer the first dripping time. When the textural properties were examined, it was determined that the highest stickiness was observed in ice cream samples which have the minimum sugar content and vice versa. Also, it was observed that the gumminess and chewiness values were higher in the samples with less sugar and more gum content (p<0.05). Consumer acceptance test was conducted to assess the appeal and overall acceptability of the vegan ice cream samples using 9-point hedonic scale. The scores of overall acceptance ranged between 5.50 and 7.50. In general, it was determined that the formulations with the highest sensory scores were the samples with high sugar content and medium concentrations of gum and cowpea.

Influence of Sprouting Duration on the Nutrient, Functional, and Phytochemical properties of Tiger nut flour and Bread

Nazir Kizzie-Hayford — 2023-10-03

The influence of sprouting on tiger nut’s (TN) nutritional, functional, and phytochemical quality was examined, and the flour used for bread making to evaluate the feasibility as a functional ingredient. TN was sprouted and sampled at 3 days intervals for 12 days, dried and milled into flour and analyzed. Subsequently, 25% of wheat flour (WF) was replaced with the 9 days-sprouted TN flour for bread. Sprouting for 9 days increased the protein content from 9.19 ± 0.04 to 9.79 ± 0.15 g/100 g dry matter (DM), fiber from 6.75 ± 0.16 to 9.27 ± 0.44 g/100 g DM, and ash from 2.34 ± 0.10 to 2.70 ± 0.06 g/100 g DM but decreased fat content from 26.10 ± 0.18 to 23.18 ± 0.43 g/100 g DM and soluble sugar from 33.13 ± 1.25 to 23.75 ± 1.44 ◦Bx. We observed increases in the polyphenols (94.16 ± 6.43–214.23 ± 6.98 mg GAE/100 g) and ascorbic acid (26.66 ± 0.17–65.13 ± 0.19 mg AE/100 g) and decreases in the cyanogenic glycosides (273.79 ± 0.37–231.54 ± 3.53 mg/100 g) and oxalates (19.04 ± 1.14–5.65 ± 0.93 mg/100 g) contents. Sprouting decreased the particle size and increased the water retention and swelling power of TN flour. WF bread was described as stretchy, sweet, and creamy, whereas sprouted TN bread was brown, nutty, and wheat-like. Consumer acceptance for the sprouted TN bread was comparable to WF bread, showing the possible application in bread making

Animal-based milks and plant-based milks: Nutritional and environmental impacts

Gülçin Şatır — 2023-10-03

Consumption of plant-based milk in the world has improved in recent decades, with significant implications for both human nutrition and global health. This paper will discuss the environmental issues and global benefits of significantly reducing or eliminating animal-based milks from our diet. Furthermore, it outlines the therapeutic benefits of a plant-based diet in managing chronic diseases, such as obesity, cardiovascular disease, cancer, and diabetes. The focus of this study is global perspective and consumption of animal and plant based milks. All the data regarding the health and environmental impacts of animal-based milk and plant-based milk, as well as their nutritional components were evaluated. Many plant-based milks are fortified to fit nutritional profile comparable to animal-based milk. Depending on the main components, there are notable differences, particularly in protein, zinc, and potassium content. Plant-based milks were generally associated with lower environmental impacts (greenhouse gas emissions, water use, land) than animal-based milks, with significant exception of the higher water footprint of plant-based milk. A plant-based diet (vegetarian and vegan) protects against a number of common chronic diseases including cardiovascular disease, obesity, and certain types of cancer. A plant-based diet rich in fiber and phytochemicals not only prevents disease but also has a substantial impact on gut microbiota. When appropriately planned, a plant-based diet (consisting of minimally processed foods) could be nutritionally adequate. Vegetarians especially vegans, should have a well-balanced diet and use fortified foods and/or supplements regularly. Calcium, iron, vitamin D, and vitamin B₁₂ should all be prioritized. It is critical to promote plant-based milk with adequate protein and micronutrients and a lower ecological carbon footprint due to the safety and potential health implications of their long-term and more frequent intake of plant-based milk.

The Effect of Pumpkin Seed Oil on Pentylenetetrazole-induced Neuronal Damage in HT-22 Cell Line

Ahmet Şevki Taşkıran — 2023-10-03

Recent studies have shown the positive effects of pumpkin seed oil (PSO) in different disease models. However, the effect of PSO on neurological diseases has not been clarified yet. Therefore, the aim of this study is to elucidate the effects of BBS on pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced neuronal damage and the possible roles of oxidative and nitrosative stress in this effect in vitro. The HT-22 hippocampal neuronal cell line was used in the study. In the study, the effect of pre-treatment with BSO on cell survival after PTZ-induced neuronal damage was evaluated with the XTT test. While the effects of BBS on total antioxidant status (TAS) and total oxidant status (TOS) after PTZ were measured with colorimetric commercial kits, its effects on neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) and nitric oxide (NO) levels were determined by ELISA kits. In light of the data obtained, it was found that pre-treatment with PSO prevented the decrease in cell survival after exposure to PTZ. In addition, it has been found that PSO normalizes the increase in TOS, nNOS, and NO in neuronal cells after PTZ. As a result, it was determined that the treatment of neuronal cells with PSO prevented neuronal damage caused by PTZ and showed neuroprotective properties. It is thought that PSO may achieve these effects through oxidative and nitrosative systems. Enrichment of a daily diet with PSO might be beneficial in reducing the risks of neurological diseases.

DNA marker-assisted diversity analysis of Mangifera indica L. populations

Aqsa Parvaiz — 2023-10-03

The genetic diversity of various mango cultivars was evaluated using Start Codon Targeted (SCoT) and Inter-Simple Sequence Repeat (ISSR) markers, and their utility for analyzing genetic variants was compared. Mango breeding requires seedling germplasm resources. Different types of markers were looked at and compared to each other. In total, we used 10 primers each for SCoT and ISSR markers. Genetic diversity assessments based on genomic data can provide valuable information for germplasm management and varietal characterization. For many species, start codon targeted (SCoT) markers and inter simple sequence repeats (ISSR) are useful and highly polymorphic phylo-genetic markers. The genetic diversity of 29 SCoT and 28 ISSR polymorphic alleles was assessed in light of the findings. According to SCoT, there were an average of 4.3 alleles per locus, ranging from 3 to 6. The SCoT genetic diversity index had a mean of 0.383 and a range of 0.16 to 0.44. While the ISSR genetic diversity index has a mean of 0.392 and a range of 0.19 to 0.475. Although both analyses produce comparable findings, the mean values of the number of effective alleles (Ne), genetic diversity (H), and Shannon's information index (I) revealed that SCoT analysis better represents the actual relationships than ISSR analysis. The outcomes show that the SCoT marker system is helpful for mango genetic diversity study and mango species identification. Most of the parameters looked at were found to work better in the SCoT system. The most amazing finding from this study is that by using cluster analysis on SCoT and ISSR data, we were able to clearly identify different cultivars based on their genetics. This research found that the genetic makeup of the evaluated samples is diverse. The dendrogram derived from the ISSR marker and the dendrogram derived from SCoT markers had many similarities, although there were some differences. SCoT and ISSR analysis can find enough differences in DNA for identifying it.

Aquafaba as an Emulgator for Spreadable Fish Pate

Elif Tuğçe Aksun Tümerkan — 2023-10-03

Within increasing global population, the utilization of all the by-product and cooking product of animal and plant based food items has gain importance n both academia and food industries. Aquafaba is a nutritionally-rich, cooking water that left after boiling process of legumes and this product most commonly sold as dried form commercially. In addition to its nutritional value, aquafaba offers rheological and functional properties in the food products. Emulsified fish products have become popular over the world, especially ready to eat products due to its spreadable form and admirable sensory characteristics. Besides these benefits, water holding capacity impact on the rheological properties and chemical properties are crucial for storage period.In this research, aquafaba was used as a emulsifier food additives at the 5 and 10 % levels in emulsified carp fish product. Control group was evaluated as without aquafaba addition. The proximate composition and water holding capacity was determined following to production emulsified products. The results clearly indicate that the aquafaba addition improve the emulsification capacity of carp product. The statistically significant proximal differences were observed among groups, especially in protein level. The higher water holding capacity and highest protein level was observed in the 10% aquafaba added groups. The usage of aquafaba as an emulsifier food additives has the potential to be used in different food products.

Production and Characterization of Probiotic Mixed Fruit Juice Using Selenium Infused Lactic Acid Bacterial Starter, Sorghum bicolor (Poporo) Extract, Ananas comosus (Pineapple), Annona muricata (Soursop) Juices

Oluwasubomi Samson — 2023-10-04

Incorporation of selenium and probiotics into dairy products provides the grounds for selenium deficient, lactose intolerant and dairy allergic individuals to have access to probioticated and selenium supplemented foods that can improve their health. This study aimed at production of selenium supplemented mixed probiotic juices from Sorghum bicolor extract, pineapple, and soursop juices using selenium infused lactic acid bacteria as starter. Probiotic viability, physicochemical, antagonistic, antioxidant properties were evaluated during four weeks storage. The selenium infused lactic acid bacteria was viable throughout storage time. Increase in color intensity, total soluble solids, vitamin C content, lactic acid production, and antioxidant activity was observed. Also, reduction in pH and specific gravity was observed during storage time. The lactic acid contentment ranged from 8.02 – 72.06 mg/L, 9.08 – 171.15 mg/L, 18.02 – 112.11 mg/L, 9.08 – 126.10 mg/L and 9.08 – 135.12 mg/L (Dy 0, 1, 2, 3 and 4 weeks) respectively. There was significant difference (p ≤ 0.05) in the proximate composition of the probioticated mixed juice samples during storage. The crude protein and crude fibre at week 0 and 4 ranged from 0.57- 1.84% and 0.26 – 1.53%, 0.30 – 0.65% and 0.15 – 0.80%. The juice samples has antagonistic activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli.

In conclusion, the mixed fruit juice supported viability, vitamin C development, antagonistic and antioxidant potential of the probiotic candidate used. The probioticated selenium supplemented fruit juice can be used as a functional foods and nutraceutical with health beneficial effect.Top of Form

Keywords: Sorghum bicolor extract, probiotication, selenium infused lactic acid bacteria

Inhibitory Activities and Characterization of Greenly Synthesized Silver Nanoparticles using Culture Free Supernatant of Lactobacillus plantarum

Gbemisola Elizabeth Ogunleye — 2023-10-04

This study is aimed at the biosynthesis, characterization and inhibitory activity of silver nanoparticles using L. Plantarum culture free supernatant (CFS). Silver nanoparticles (SNPs) were biosynthesized by L. plantarum and characterized using Visual detection, UV-Visible spectroscopy, Fourier Transformed Infra-red spectroscopy (FTIR) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The effect of the cultivation conditions on the biosynthesis of SNPs was carried out. Antibacterial activity of the biosynthesized silver nanoparticles by L. plantarum was done using agar well method. Biosynthesis of SNPs by L. plantarum was characterized by a strong plasmon resonance peak at 450 nm and a broad band at 350 - 550 nm. There were colour changes from yellow to brown. FTIR confirmed the presence of hydroxyl, aldehyde, carboxylic acid, amino acid, and esters which are responsible for the stability of silver nanoparticles (SNPs). The shape of the biosynthesized nanoparticles was spherical and partially aggregated with particle size ranging from 0.7- 10.0 nm. The antibacterial activity of the synthesized SNPs by L. plantarum (LPSNPs) ranged from 14 – 22 mm. Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli were more susceptible to the synthesized SNPs. 24 hr incubation time, 25^oC, pH 9 and 5 mM gave the best SNPs production. The culture free supernatant of L. plantarum can be used for the synthesis of SNPs with highly effective antibacterial activities.

Effect of replacing alfalfa hay with dried Moringa oleifera leaves on rumen fermentation, rumen microbial protein synthesis and methane production in lactating dairy cows

Omolara Latifat Alarape — 2023-10-04

Alteration of the microbial ecosystem and ruminal function can be used to improve feed utilization and production performance of ruminant animals. This study aimed to assess the effect of supplementing Moringa leaves in dairy cows fed basal Rhodes grass hay on rumen fermentation, microbial protein production, and ruminal methane gas production. Nine lactating Holstein-Friesian cows (444±39.7 kg) were randomly assigned to three dietary treatments supplemented with 0, 5 and 10% of Moringa leaves in place of 10, 5 and 0% of Lucerne hay on a DM basis in a randomised complete block design for 8 weeks. There was no significant difference in the pH, VFAs, estimated methane, microbial protein, and microbial mass, even though there was a variation in the Moringa-supplemented treatment and the control. Compared with the control, Moringa leaves decreased (P=0.0017) the rumen protozoa and increased (P=0.0092) rumen Ammonia-N concentration. It is concluded that Moringa leaves enhanced rumen fermentation kinetics in lactating Holstein-Friesian cows and can be used as a protein supplement for dairy cows and a substitute for Lucerne hay.

A New Approach to Assessing Landscape Diversity: Relative Diversity Index

Yüksel Ünlükaptan — 2023-10-04

Landscape character analysis is a process that provides an understanding of the natural and man-made characteristics of a region or area by examining elements such as landscape diversity, type and unit. Landscape diversity refers to the differences between different ecosystems, plant and animal species, natural features and other landscape elements in a landscape and is the result of a combination of biological, ecological and geographical factors. Landscape type is a combination of key features that reflect the overall character and structure of this diversity. The smallest part of this combination, the landscape unit, is the repetition of types in their spatial distribution. Expressing landscape diversity in terms of type/unit-based mathematical indices is important for making sustainable planning decisions in landscape management. Among these indices, the common Shannon's diversity index includes the number of types and the proportion of each type in total types, while Simpson's diversity index is the opposite of Shannon's index. In other words, low values indicate high diversity and high values indicate low diversity. In this study, in addition to these two mathematical indices, the relative diversity index, which is a new approach that includes the evaluation of the number of units of landscape types and the size of the area together, was calculated for landscape diversity in the sub-basin boundaries including all units of Afşin-Elbistan Thermal Power Plant. In landscape planning studies, Geographic Information Systems were used as a tool to express the area with mathematical indices. For this purpose, the spatial distribution of landscape types was found by overlaying forest stand types with CORINE land cover/land use classes dated 2018. Landscape diversity in this area was assessed by comparing three different indices. Thus, the importance of the relative diversity index in considering the components that make up landscape diversity as a whole was emphasized, and the importance of measuring diversity with mathematical indices in making sustainable planning decisions was revealed.

Evaluation of Total Polar Materials in Cooking Oils Obtained from Food and Beverage Establishments within Shopping Centers

Başak Gökçe Çöl — 2023-10-04

The amount of Total Polar Material (TPM) is one of the indicators of oil quality, its suitability for further use, and the degradation of oil used during frying processes. The high temperatures and repeated long-term use of frying oils during frying lead to various compounds, including polar compounds, through reactions like oxidation, hydrolysis, and polymerization. These compounds can have adverse effects on the quality of both frying oil and food, and depending on consumption levels, they may also pose potential health risks, including various forms of cancer. The percentage of total polar compounds in frying oil serves as a standard in food establishments to determine when the oil should be replaced with fresh oil. Various countries have regulations that define maximum TPM reference values, indicating when frying oil should be discarded. Generally, a TPM value exceeding 25% is considered unsuitable for health. Examples of countries include Italy, Belgium, France, Portugal, Spain, Thailand, and Brazil, with a maximum TPM limit of 25%. In France, Germany, and the USA, the limit is 24% TPM, while China and Austria follow a limit of 27%, and Hungary is at 30% TPM. This study was conducted using the Testo 270 Frying Oil Measurement Device in a total of 36 food establishments located in three different shopping malls in Istanbul. Its purpose was to determine the TPM content in frying oils. According to the measurement results, TPM values above 25% were detected in frying oils from 5 (14%) out of the 36 establishments. The remaining 31 establishments had an average TPM value of 14.2% in their frying oils. In conclusion, regular monitoring and measurement of TPM content in food establishments are crucial to maintaining oil quality, upholding food quality and safety standards, and minimizing potential health risks, including various forms of cancer, associated with human consumption.

Sustainable Food Technology and Nutrition

Meryem Akhan — 2023-10-04

Sustainable nutrition is defined by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations as "diets that use human and natural resources in the best possible way, are respectful of biodiversity and ecosystems, culturally acceptable, easily accessible, economically viable, nutritionally adequate, safe and with low environmental impacts of food consumption." Sustainability encompasses various disciplines, from ecology to the environment, nutrition to agriculture, clean air and accessible water to natural resources, and from work life to technology. It promotes living in harmony with the environment, preserving natural balance and resources, replacing what we take from nature, and leaving a more livable world for future generations. Sustainable nutrition includes principles such as promoting plant-based food choices, preventing food waste, and limiting consumption of ultra-processed foods. Sustainable food systems are founded on ensuring food security, environmental balance, and societal well-being for future generations. Sustainable food technologies have the potential to enhance agriculture by reducing water and chemical usage. Sustainable technological methods such as fertigation (efficient irrigation with fertilizers), crop rotation, protected cultivation, synthetic meat production, aeroponics, aquaponics, and hydroponics exist. Fertigation, for example, increases efficiency in fertilizing through water. Synthetic meat production aims to sustainably meet the demand for meat in the future. Local food systems and the preference for sustainable seafood are also parts of this approach. Overall, sustainable food systems and dietary patterns support the goal of ensuring food security and environmental balance for the future. Given the current peril to planetary health, adopting sustainable nutrition and lifestyles, that strive to provide sufficient, balanced, and healthy food, is necessary to reduce the impact of food production on the climate crisis, minimize harm to the planet during food production, and decrease food waste. In this document, sustainable food technologies and nutrition are explained, and their relationship is evaluated.

Use of Olive Leaf Extract in Edible Films and Coatings in Foods

Şeyma Murdan — 2023-10-04

Edible films and coatings are used to protect and improve the quality of food and extend its shelf life. One of the most important features of edible films and coatings is their biodegradability. Environmentally friendly, safe, non-toxic biopolymer-based active films are being developed and applied in the food industry. Edible coating is the thin edible layer created as a coating on food. Edible film is a thin layer made and shaped from edible film. Olive leaf is a natural material with high nutritional value and many biological activities. It is an easily accessible and natural source of phenolic compounds. Olive leaf has antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, hypoglycemic, antiviral, anticarcinogenic and antiatherosclerotic functional properties. Thanks to its functional properties and composition, it has widespread use in foods. The inclusion of olive leaf extract in numerous foods increases the biological activity of the diet. As a result of the developing food industry and technology and scientific research, it appears that olive tree by-products have the potential to be used in human nutrition by adding them to food formulations in various areas of the food industry in different forms. Usage areas of olive leaf in food: to enrich it with antioxidant and bioactive compounds, to extend shelf life by increasing oxidation stability and to produce new functional products. Olive leaf has a significant potential in achieving specified goals and technological properties, and its use in food formulations is widespread. Among these areas of use, edible films and coatings are widely used. Examples of foods for which film and coating are applied are milk, tomato paste, lamb meat, apples and cherries. As a result of the applications carried out; The original quality of the tomato paste is preserved very well, the antimicrobial effect in the meat is observed, the number of psychrophile bacteria is 5 times lower, there is an increase in the ripening process and anthocyanins in the cherry, and the shelf life of the products has increased. Olive leaves represent an inexpensive and useful source for the recovery of bioactive compounds with high potential in innovative functional foods. It is an option with high working potential, suitable for use in different foods with the selection of appropriate extraction technology. It has potential especially in edible film and coating applications.

Ecological Risk Indices Analysis on Heavy Metal Contamination in Akinyele Local Government, Oyo State, Nigeria

Oluwadurotimi Olutosin Akintade — 2023-10-04

Levels of Chromium, Copper, Lead, Manganese and Zinc in soil samples from tropical ecosystems of Akinyele Local Government, Oyo State, Nigeria were determined using sequential extraction. The concentrations of Cr, Cu, Pb, Mn and Zn ranged from 0.23-0.26, 0.44-2.42, 0.56-1.15, 5.01-6.16 and 3.73-10.02 mg/kg respectively. The mean metal levels did not show significant variations among study sites during wet and dry seasons. Contamination Factor CF and Pollution Load index PLI indices were used for the assessment of heavy metal contamination and estimation extent of human made inputs from different activities in the area. From the results, it was observed that sites B, C and D had considerable contamination (3<CF<6) and deterioration quality (PLI>1). The ecological risk indices (Hazard Quotient and Risk Quotient) were in good agreement with existing pollution indices and followed the ascending sequence Zn>Mn>Pb>Cu>Cr which indicates moderate hazards. The findings of this study using ecological risk indices has provided information on the exposure of the heavy metals to humans and the environment.

Effect of microgravity on rhizosphere and endophytic microorganisms- A review

Abbas Moghanizadeh — 2023-10-04

Outer space agriculture and planetary colonization are two major goals in space science as well as in agriculture in the future world. It is not an easy task that cultivate crop plants in outer space with limited resources as well as under several abiotic stresses. For cultivate crops in outer space, it is essential to take a better understanding about the behavioral differences as well as physical and chemical compositional changes in the plants as well as the microbiomes that related to the plant root system and some plant tissues such as leaves. Usually many microorganisms that related to the plant rhizosphere and endophytes behave in different way under the microgravity conditions that has been created within the laboratory conditions for demonstrate the conditions which the earth gravity is not affecting to plant growth and development. As an example, that has been observed, Pseudochrobacterium kiredjianiae, a type of microorganism that inhabited the rhizosphere stimulating the growth of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) by increasing the root length and biomass accumulation. Under the earth’s gravity this P. kiredjaniae also behaving in the same manner. But specially under the microgravity conditions, their activities have been enhanced. Unlike Pseudochrobacterium kiredjianiae there is a possibility of some strains of microorganisms that can be inhabited in plants caused the negative effects on the cultivations such as by decreasing the growth rate of the plant. Because of that, the understanding regarding the behavioral changes of the rhizosphere and endophytic microorganisms will be definitely helpful for the future agriculture in space and the colonization programs that based on some other planets such as Mars. Ultimately, studies regarding the studies of microgravity on rhizosphere and endophytic microorganisms will open a new chapter of agriculture in the future generations.

Improving Salt tolerance of Cotton through Breeding and Biotechnological Approaches

Sabahat Shaheen Shaheen — 2023-10-04

Cotton is widely used for fiber and oil production all over the world. It is classified as moderately salt-tolerant crop and at its seed yield and growth are greatly hampered by high salinity levels. Salinity is one of the major abiotic stresses that has a detrimental impact on plant development, growth and production processes, ultimately reducing yield. To counteract the oxidative and osmotic stresses caused by salinity, plants adopt specific mechanism and activate different salt tolerance genes to withstand saline environment. In order to increase the cotton productivity in saline conditions, a variety of approaches are proposed to improve plant breeding efficacy. Cotton cultivars that grow in saline conditions are developed using breeding techniques. Enhancing the specific alleles involved in cotton’s ability to tolerate salinity is main objective of breeding programs for salinity tolerance. To increase the salinity tolerance in plants, one must have a thorough understanding of both conventional and modern breeding methods as well as biotechnological approaches. Traditional breeding methods are widely used in breeding programs to improve the salinity tolerance of cotton. These include (i) germplams screening for salinity tolerance in specific environments, (ii) making use of genetic variation already present in genotypes through backcross and pedigree methods of breeding, (iii), developing hybrids by best parental lines as a result of extensive germplams screening, (iv) mutation breeding; utilizing the variations produced by induced mutations, (v) interspecific hybridization, transferring the salinity tolerance related traits from wild relatives into well-known cotton cultivars to increase the level of tolerance. However, traditional breeding methods used to increase salinity tolerance have encountered issues, and the progress has been slow. The disadvantages of breeding approaches are mitigated by the use of Biotechnological tools for accurate genomics-assisted salinity breeding. Biotechnological approaches to enhance the salinity tolerance and fiber quality of cotton include Marker assisted selection, QTL mapping, genome editing through CRISPR-Cas9, RNAi, transgenic technology and transcriptome analysis.

Opportunities to Enhance Seed Cotton Yield through various Biotechnological Approaches under water deficit Conditions

Sidra Aslam Aslam — 2023-10-04

Earth is blessed with a huge quantity of water reservoir, but yet it's a limiting factor for crop production. Emission of greenhouse gases is a dark reality of industrialization. The huge cause of this emission is the burning of fossil fuels which leads to the global warming. It is a destructive and alarming situation for agriculture economies especially for crop husbandry. Cotton is a C3 crop and is sensitive to abiotic stresses, a little change from its optimal temperature, moisture and water content can affect its yield, growth and biomass. The objective of this review is to examine various biotechnological methods and their potential to increase seed cotton yield under water deficit conditions. It includes techniques like genetic engineering, molecular breeding, physiological interventions, and omics technologies. Genetic engineering has shown promising outcomes in improving cotton resistance to water stress, including the insertion of drought-tolerant genes, stimulation of stress-responsive genes, and modified hormone signaling mechanisms. Similar to this marker-assisted selection in molecular breeding, gene editing methods like zinc-finger nucleases (ZFNs), transcription activator-like (TAL) effector nucleases (TALENs), CRISPR technology, RNAi interference, somaclonal variations and Omics technology which includes genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metablomics, glyomics and phenomics are those biotechnological approaches that make it possible to precisely manipulate the genetic makeup of cotton plants, offering better management of desired characteristics. In addition, plants respond well to drought stress by application of biofertilizers, hydrogel and nanoparticles. The detrimental effects of water stress on seed cotton yield can be reduced by these interventions, which support the regulation of physiological processes, uphold cellular homeostasis, and improve stress tolerance mechanisms in cotton plants. In conclusion, integrating biotechnological techniques into cotton farming has the potential to significantly improve productivity, profitability, and resilience to water stress, guaranteeing sustainable cotton production for the next generation.

Enzymatic Responses of Some Pear Cultivars against Erwinia amylovora by Salicylic Acid and Bacillus subtilis Applications

Mustafa Alparslan Umarusman — 2023-10-04

Fire blight caused by Erwinia amylovora (Ea), is a destructive and contagious disease affecting mainly pear and apple and some other members of Rosaceae family and, most of the world it is a quarantine disease. In an attempt to prevent new infections, plants are sprayed with either streptomycin, copper or both, but widespread use of their have led to antibiotic resistance in some areas. Some plant defence activators as salicylic acid (Sa) is one of the major chemicals in the regulation of the plant defense against pathogens, and additionally also beneficial bacterium Bacillus subtilis (Bs) can also prevent fire blight from infecting new trees. In this study, the efficacy of Sa and Bs and the enzymatic responses of the plants were investigated on Santa Maria and Ankara pear cultivars to prevent shoot blight of fire blight disease. Applications were performed as Bs, Bs+Ea, Sa, Sa+Ea, Bs+Sa, Bs+Sa+Ea and as positive control Ea and as negative control steril distilled water (SDW). When the new season shoot lengths of 3-year-old plants with homogeneous growth reached 20-25 cm, Sa, Bs and Bs+Sa were sprayed 2 times with 1 week intervals, and 3 days after the second applications, cutting the youngest 2 leaves on the shoot tip bacterial inoculations were carried out with a sterile scissors dipped in 10⁸CFU^-1 of str. Ea ARDY5 solution. Leaf samples at different times from three individual plants were collected, and were homogenized for enzyme analysis. According to the results, it was determined significant differences (p<0.01) between applications, diseases severities (%) and enzymatic reactions (Peroxidase, Superoxide dismutase and Catalase) of pear cultivars. The most successful application in preventing the disease was in cv. Santa Maria Bs+Sa (57,4%) and in cv. Ankara Bs (67 %) the enzymatic responses of both pear cultivars showed compatibility with the disease severity levels. The successful results have shown that the application of B. subtilis and salicylic acid can be evaluated as new, eco-friendly and sustainable in the combat against fire blight.

Potential Biological Control Agents against Soft Rot Diseases Caused by Pectobacteria on Some Sugar Beet Cultivars

Mustafa Alparslan Umarusman — 2023-10-04

Sugar beet is one of the most economically important agricultural crops cultivated in many provinces of Turkey. Especially in recent years, there has been an increase in bacterial tuber rot due to factors related to climate change. In preliminary trials, soft rot disease by Pectobacterium caratovorum subsp. caratovorum (Pcc) and Pectobacterium betavasculorum (Pb) were detected predominantly in sugar beets in Central Anatolia. Today, some cultural measures and copper compounds are used against soft rot agents in sugar beet, but successful results cannot be obtained in preventing the disease. In this study, a total of 270 soil samples were taken from the rhizosphere of 10 different fields in 3 different periods in 3 different ecologically diverse districts (Çumra, Altınekin and Seydişehir) of Konya, one of the provinces with the highest amount of sugar beet production in Turkey. As a result of the isolations, a total of 3064 bacterial isolates were purified and 265 of them showed antibacterial activity against Pcc and Pb in vitro conditions. In addition, 15 antagonist bacteria with the highest inhibitory effect on the development of both pathogens were tested in greenhouse conditions, and according to the results obtained from here, 3 antagonists with the highest effect and their mixtures were tested in field conditions in the cultivation areas of 3 different districts named above. Biochemical, morphological and molecular diagnoses of antagonist bacteria with high efficacy were made. According to the results obtained, it has been concluded that rhizospheric bacteria with antagonistic effect have a success rate of 45-89% against Pcc and Pb pathogens, and that the biological products to be prepared in future studies can be used in ecological, climate friendly and within sustainable agricultural practices in sugar beet production areas.

Effectiveness of Phosphorus acid, Bacillus subtilis and Commonly Used Copper Compounds in the Control of Fire Blight on Apple cv. Gala with M9 Rootstock

Ayşegül Gür — 2023-10-04

Necrogenic Gram-negative bacterium Erwinia amylovora, which causes economic losses especially in pome fruits such as apple, pear, quince and loquat, some berries and many ornamental plants, causes fire blight disease. Copper compounds are used extensively in disease control programs and they can cause toxic problems in terms of plant and environmental health. In addition, the formation of resistance to copper in the pathogen is frequently observed. In this study, plant activator Phosphorus acid and biological control agent Bacillus subtilis, and 3 different copper compounds, Copper sulfate, Copper oxychloride and Copper hydroxide which are commonly used against E. amylovora, on apple cv. Gala with M9 rootstock were evaluated comparatively. When the new season shoot lengths of 3-year-old plants with homogeneous growth reached 20-25 cm, chemicals and B. subtilis were applied first time before one week ago from the pathogen inoculation, and after 2 times with 1 week intervals. The youngest two leaves at tips of actively growing terminal plant shoots were inoculated by cutting off using scissors dipped in suspension of E. amylovora str. EaARADY5 containing 10⁸ CFU ml^-1. Disease assessments were made after the disease severity (%) was determined on the basis of shoot blight after symptom development of the disease stopped, and the results were found to be statistically significant (p<0.05). According to the findings, while the highest effect was obtained by copper oxychloride with 69% effectiveness among all applications, the lowest effectiveness was obtained with 43.5% copper sulfate. It has been revealed that the use of the most effective of the copper compounds in field applications will result in less exposure to chemicals in terms of human and environmental health, and that B. subtilis and phosphorous acid can be used significantly in the integrated control of fire blight.

Relationship of PCSK9 and MTRR Variants with Myocardial Infarction in Southern Punjab Population of Pakistan

Saba Zafar — 2023-10-04

Myocardial infarction (MI) being the most common disease is leading cause of mortality across the world, being a multifactorial disease. it is caused by several environmental and genetic factors.We investigated the association of single nucleotide polymorphism in PCSK9 and MTRR and the effects of different demographic factors like age, gender, education, family history, hypertension, diabetes and smoking habit with Myocardial Infarction in 200 individuals suffering from of MI and 155 healthy individuals. The polymerase chain reaction technique was used with TETRA-ARMS primers to investigate the single nucleotide polymorphism, and genotypes of individuals in the PCSK9 and MTRR genes. There is a significant difference in the genotypic frequency of SNP rs2479409 and rs1801394 in patients and normal individuals (P <0.05). Our results also indicate that both polymorphisms of PCSK9 and MTRR were associated with risk of MI in the population of Southern Punjab, Pakistan

Sivas Solid Waste Landfill Area Biogas Electricity Generation Facility And Evaluation of Establishment of Greenhouse From Stable Heat

Meltem Sarıoğlu Cebeci — 2023-10-04

An average of 300 tons of waste is delivered to Sivas Solid Waste Landfill Per day. Biogas is obtained from the separated organic wastes from the municipal landfill. 1414mwh electricity is produced from these wastes. Waste heat generated in the facility will be used to heat the greenhouse. The need of the greenhouse will be supplied from inert heat, 20% of the 9 million kcal per hour heat. Soilless agriculture will be implemented in the planned greenhouse, and tomatoes will be produced in the all-glass greenhouse and exported to Europe. In this study, the operational performance of the landfill and how the waste heat to be generated will be used in the greenhouse, the characteristics and evaluation of soilless agriculture will be made.

Antibacterial Potential and Characterization of Selenium Nanoparticles Synthesized by Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Blessing Adeyeye — 2023-10-05

Nanometals are special group of materials with broad area of applications. Selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) are of great importance especially when synthesized biologically with an eco-friendly organism. This study was aimed at characterization and antibacterial activity of Selenium nanoparticles synthesized by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Selenium nanoparticles was synthesized by S. cerevisiae filtrate and characterized using Visual detection, UV-Visible spectroscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy, Transmission Electron Microscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, Energy Dispersive X-Ray and X-Ray Diffraction. Antibacterial activities of the synthesized SeNPs were evaluated using agar well diffusion method. Biosynthesis of SeNPs by S. cerevisiae filtrate was characterized by a strong plasma resonance peak at 350 nm and had a broad band between 350 – 450 nm. There were colour changes from golden yellow to ruby red. The nanoparticles were spherical and rod like in shape with size ranging from 20 – 100 nm. Hydroxyl, aldehyde, amine and esters groups were responsible for the formation of SeNPs. There were strong signal from Se atom in the nanoparticles and weaker signals from Oxygen. The nanoparticles were crystallographic in nature. The Gram negative bacteria were more susceptible to the SeNPs than the Gram positive bacteria. The biological synthesis of SeNPs with S. cerevisiae induces the inhibition of pathogenic organisms.

Efficacy of Copper Compounds on Transmitted by Seed of Different Dry Bean Cultivars against Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. phaseoli

Ayşegül Gür — 2023-10-05

Dry beans, which have an important place in human nutrition, are mostly produced in the Central Anatolia Region with a rate of 56.8% in our country. Common bean bacterial blight disease caused by Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. phaseoli (Xap), which is carried by bean seeds, causes significant economic losses under favorable climatic conditions. The disease has started to be seen at high rates in our cultivation areas, especially in the areas where sprinkler irrigation is applied and in the increasing temperature conditions due to the climate crisis. In this study, efficacy of several copper compounds in seeds of 3 different bean cultivars were determined in comparison with antibiotic in order to prevent the disease / reduce economic losses. According to the findings, copper oxychloride was found to be the most successful compound in seeds of all bean varieties, both in reducing bacterial populations in vitro and in preventing the disease in vivo. Considering the negative effects of copper use in terms of human and environmental health and the risks of copper resistance in the pathogen, it is thought that the success in combating the increasingly common bean blight disease will increase with the use of the most effective copper compound in eco-friendly approaches.

Antimicrobial And Biogenic Synthesis Of Selenium Nanoparticles By Lactobacillus Casei

Nuuriyyah Said-ige — 2023-10-05

Lactic acid bacteria have long been consumed by people in several fermented foods such as dairy products. Selenium has a great potential such as supporting immune system, fertility, antimicrobial and anticancer agent. This study is aimed at characterization, and investigation of the antimicrobial activity of Selenium nanoparticles synthesized by Lactobacillus casei. Selenium nanoparticles was biosynthesized using L. casei and was characterized using Visual detection, UV-Visible spectrophotometry, Fourier Transform Infra-red spectrophotometry (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM), Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX) and X-ray Diffraction (XRD) analysis. The antimicrobial activity of the synthesized selenium nanoparticles using Lactobacillus casei (LC-SeNPs) was done using agar well diffusion method. There was a change in colour from light yellow to ruby red. The broad band for LC-SeNPs ranged from 250 - 450 nm and a strong plasmon resonance peak was at 350 nm. Hydroxyl, esters, aldehyde, amine, phenol, and alkyl aryl, ether are present and responsible for the efficient stabilization and bio-reduction. The SeNPs were spherical and aggregated with varying shapes and size ranged from 20 – 100 nm. The XRD reveals that the SeNPs was crystallographic. LC-SeNPs exhibited an effective inhibitory activity ranging from 10 – 25 mm. Also, biosynthesized SeNPs by L. casei is ecofriendly, nontoxic and highly applicable in medicine.

Challenges and mitigation opportunities for the development of climate resilient cotton.

Aneeq ur Rehman — 2023-10-05

Cotton has global importance, due to a major fiber crop with a high commercial value. It has a significant contribution in Pakistan’s economy. Cotton plant faces various biotic and abiotic stresses from environment but, high temperature along with drought is a limiting factor to cotton productivity. It is reported that, the average temperature in Pakistan was increased by 0.39 °C from 1981 to 2005 as compared to 0.177 °C globally which indicates that the increase in temperature in Pakistan was approximately two fold. Due to this increase in temperature, numerous morphological and physiological characters of cotton plant are adversely effected because of climate change and in response, yield of seed cotton is reduced significantly. Every growth stage of the cotton plant is susceptible to heat stress, but the squares, buds, flowers, and bolls are particularly vulnerable to high temperature. Besides, infestation of insect pest has also been increased due to change in temperature pattern. Likewise, prolonged stress cause pollen sterility, which results in the loss of unfertilized floral buds and ultimately yield loss. Keeping in view the losses, domestic agricultural production needs to be improved. In near future, the development of new agriculture strategies will be helpful to cope the problem of climate change. Various breeding and biotechnological tools are used to develop heat tolerant cotton cultivars. Diversity in population is a key feature for breeders but it may have been lost in elite gene pools. The crop can be protected against new biotic and abiotic challenges with the help of genes from exotic germplasms. These exotic germplasms may represent significant genetic diversity with improved production stability and resilience to stressful environment.

Determination of Sulfites by UV-Vis Spectrophotometry in Red Wine and White Wine

Cyriaque Joël Dadjé — 2023-10-05

Sulphites are natural or synthetic additives widely used by the food industries. They are used to improve and preserve the stability and quality of the organoleptic characteristics of food. Due to potential serious cases of hypersensitivity beyond a threshold, the presence and content of sulphites must be monitored in food, and more particularly in wine, in order to thus preserve the health of consumers. To do this, it is essential to develop reliable methods for the quantification of sulphites in wine and this is the subject of this study. UV-Visible spectrophotometry programmed at 565nm was used to determine the sulfite concentrations (µg/mL) in a sample of commercially purchased white and red wine. The results showed that the method used was linear (range of linearity ranging from 0.05 µg/mL to 5 µg/mL with a coefficient of determination of R2 = 0.9969), accurate (CV ranging from 0.823% to 1.976% for intra-day precision and 1.229 to 1.487 for inter-day precision), accurate (average recovery rate of 98.59%) and stable (added reagents promote sulfite stability) in accordance with Agency guidelines French Standardization. The application of this method for the determination of sulphites revealed respective levels of 57.271 mg/L and 136.063 mg/L for red wine and white wine, levels in accordance with European regulations which set the maximum limit at 150 mg /L for red wine and 200 mg/L for white wine. This method could therefore make it possible to determine the quality of wines on the market and prevent the harmful effects of sulphites on the health of consumers.

Genetic Variability and Character Associated Studies in Pisum sativum L.

Muhammad Saqlain Shabbir — 2023-10-05

ABSTRACT

Peas (Pisum sativum L.) are the second most significant crop in leguminous family. It is consumed as green and dry peas in various regions around the globe. Due to changes in climatic conditions yield of pea varieties has decreased in previous years. So, it is necessary to evaluate genetic diversity present in existing pea accessions and to search for various pea genotypes having the potential to flourish in such changing climatic conditions. For this reason, twenty pea genotypes were field-tested using RCBD during 2022-23. After the vegetative stage, data was collected for nine morphological traits. Genotypic variance, phenotypic variance and principal component analysis were used to evaluate the variability among the genotypes. Significant variation among the studied accessions were shown by ANOVA. Most of the traits exhibited high heritability coupled with high genetic advance, indicating that these traits were governed by additive gene action. Hence hybridization and selection would be fruitful for these traits. Whereas pod width showed low values of heritability and genetic advance. For all the studied traits magnitude of phenotypic coefficient of variance was greater than genotypic coefficient of variance, which revealed that these traits had additive environmental effects. According to correlation analysis, plant height, the number of pods per plant, and pod diameter were negatively correlated with the days to 50% of the flowering stage. Pod width showed no significant correlation with any other trait. While there was a strong negative correlation between seed diameter and seeds per pod. Yield was largely attributed to plant height and seed diameter. PGRI-44 and PGRI-42 were observed to be the most diverse genotypes in terms of studied morphological traits. Whereas V20 and 19723 were almost genetically identical genotypes. This study would assist in selecting genotypes with diverse genetic backgrounds for use in future pea breeding programs.

English Biochemical Characterization and In Vitro Detection of Promising Hepatoprotective Effects of P. viviparum through Liver Slice Culture Assay

Umm-e-Habiba Akram — 2023-10-05

Medicinal plants have been used from ancient times as therapeutic agents and these are precious for improving our health care system. That’s why in this study persuasive beneficial effects of P. viviparum were explored. P. viviparum belongs to class Polygonaceae, its common name is Anjbar. Its methanol extracts were used for biochemical characterization through LC-MS and then hepatoprotective effects at different concentrations were studied through measuring lactate dehydrogenase in terms of percentage cytotoxicity. Moreover its antioxidant, hemolytic and anti-thrombolytic activities were also measured. The impressive results of P. viviparum were observed. In LC-MS Caffeic acid, natural iridoid sweroside and glycoside Morroniside at 180.08, 381.25 and 428.25 m/z were identified with positive mode of ESI. Likewise with negative ESI presence of Gallic acid, Quinic acid and Chlorogenic acid were observed at 169.08, 191.08 and 353.25 m/z respectively. In liver slice culture assay results, at 1000 µg/mL P. viviparum exhibited maximum hepatoprotective potential in terms of minimum 9% cytotoxicity. In antioxidants activities at 500 µg/mL maximum potential of DPPH redical scavanging activity and FRAP were detected. Moreover maximum anti-thrombolytic in terms of clot lysis and hemolytic activity were also seen at 500 µg/mL. The present In vitro findings of P. viviparum showed that it could be used as a hepatoprotective agent to overcome the liver diseases and oxidative stress due to the presence of marvelous active constituents.

Comparative analysis of Annona muricata Linn (soursop) leaf and fruit extracts against selected pathogens

Kubrat Oyinlola — 2023-10-05

Multidrug resistance to antibiotics has necessitated the need for natural products which are alternative method of antimicrobial stewardship. The use of plants, which provide safe and cost effective remedies can be properly harnessed and regulated provided there are scientific-based evidences. This study compared the bioactivity of soursop leaf and fruit extracts against selected pathogens. Extract yield as well as analysis of inherent phytochemicals of soursop fruit and leaf were estimated using standard methods. Agar well diffusion method was used for antimicrobial screening and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) against test isolates. 24g and 33g extract was obtained from 60g dried soursop leaves and fruits, resulting in approximately 40% and 55% yield, respectively, using methanol as extraction solvent. Qualitatively, saponins, tannins, flavonoids, terpenoids, alkaloids and phenols were present in both samples however, cardiac glycosides, anthraquinones and steroid was absent in the fruit. Quantities of the compounds ranged from 43 to 940 mg/100g (leaves) and 18 to 560 mg/100g (fruit), respectively. The fruit extract inhibited the growth of Staphylococcus aureus (15±0.15 mm), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (20±0.12 mm), Bacillus alvei (30±0.47 mm) and Escherichia coli (12±0.52 mm) while the leaf extract inhibited only S. aureus (14±0.91 mm) and B. alvei (15±0.76 mm). 200 mg/mL was the minimum inhibitory concentration of the extracts against S. aureus and B. alvei and E. coli. Conclusively, the findings of this study indicated that soursop leaf and fruit have varied phytochemicals. The fruit extract however showed higher antimicrobial inhibitory effects when compared to the leaf extract.

The Effect of Heating and Wetting Applications During Storage on Weight Loss, Hatchability and Gosling Quality Traits in Goose Eggs

Ahmet Uçar — 2023-10-05

In the study, 4 different groups covering the applications in the storage process; Heating (A), Wetting (B), Wetting+Heating (C) and Control (D) were created. After the goose eggs were collected every day, they were divided into 4 groups in equal numbers and the applications were made to all eggs, including the eggs of the previous day, during the storage period (9 days). The storage temperature was adjusted to be 16 ºC and 75% humidity and the D group was kept under these conditions. Group A eggs were taken back to the warehouse by keeping them at 35 ºC for half an hour every day, group B eggs were taken back to the warehouse by spraying with 25 ºC water once a day, and the storage process was continued by applying these two applications one after the other to group C eggs. A total of 1080 eggs were used, 270 goose eggs in each group. According to the study results, there was a difference between the groups in terms of storage weight loss (p<0.05), while there was no difference in weight loss during incubation (0-18 and 0-27 days) (p>0.05). While the highest weight loss throughout the storage was in group A, the lowest weight loss was calculated in group B. In terms of pip time averages, group A was the earliest with 695th hour of incubation, while group C was the latest with 699th hour. There was no difference between the groups in terms of hatch time. While there was no difference between the experimental groups in the mean quality of the gosling quality score, gosling weight, gosling length and shank length, the mean shank diameter was calculated in the lowest C group. In the study, the general average of fertility rate was 86.28%, while the highest average in terms of hatchability was calculated in group A with 86.80%, groups B, C and D had similar averages as 80.88, 79.41 and 79.01%, respectively. Early embryo death rate was highest in groups C and D, mid-term group A, late death rate was highest in group B. While the contamination was not high in the wetting only (B) group, it was highest in the wetting+heating (C) group. As a result, while group A was the best group in terms of hatchability, group B was the group with the least loss in terms of storage weight loss.

Effect of Poultry Manure Rate and NPK 15:15:15 on the Perfomance and Nutritional Content of Sweet Potato (Ipomoea batatas l.)

Racheal Okunade — 2023-10-05

A field experiment was carried out to determine the effect of different rate of poultry manure and NPK 15:15:15 on vine length, number of leaves, plant height, number and weight of harvested tubers with the Proximate contents of sweet potato. The experiment was laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with five treatments replicated three times. The treatments were 0 kg/ha of poultry manure (PM) (no treatment), 15 kg N/ha PM, 30 kg N/ ha PM, 45 kg N/ha PM and NPK 15:15:15. Poultry manure rates were applied to the soil two weeks before planting while NPK 15:15:15 was applied two weeks after planting. The result showed that, application of Poultry manure at 45 and 30 kg N /ha had a positive response significantly on vine length than other treatments. Nitrogen sources also favoured production of leaves and number of tubers but 45 kg N/ha of PM produced tubers with more weight comparable to 30kg N/ha than other rates and sources. Treatment with NPK 15:15:15 gave high value of ash content, crude protein, crude fat and crude fibre which also increases with increase in the rate of Poultry manure application. However, increase in Nitrogen rate or source decreased carbohydrate and moisture content of the crop. Application of poultry manure at the rate of 30 kg N /ha is therefore recommended for best growth, yield and dry matter content of sweet potato since it also increased its quality in terms of crude protein. NPK 15:15:15 can be used to obtain good quality in sweet potato in the absence of poultry manure.

Ohmik Evaporasyon İşlemiyle Elde Edilen Dut Pekmezinin Renk Değerlerinin İncelenmesi

Ferit Ak — 2023-10-05

Evaporasyon işlemi sıvı gıda ürünü içerisinde buluna suyun fiziksel olarak uzaklaştırılmasıdır. Evaporasyon işleminde geleneksel ısıtma teknikleri sonucunda istenmeyen bileşen oluşumu, kalite kaybı ve aroma kayıpları meydana gelmektedir. Bu nedenle gelişen teknoloji ile geleneksel gıda işlemi uygulamalarının yerini alternatif teknikler almaktadır. Bu tekniklerin başında ohmik ısıtma işlemi gelmektedir. Ohmik ısıtma işlemi iki elektrot arasında alternatif akım geçirilerek ürünün ısınma prensibine dayanmaktadır. Mevcut çalışmanın ana amacı 3 farklı voltaj gradyanı kullanılarak elde edilen dut pekmezinin renk değerlerinin detaylı olarak incelenmesi olarak belirlenmiştir. Ohmik evaporasyon işlemi 3 farklı voltaj gradyanında atmosferik koşullar altında %22.2 Suda Çözünür Kuru Madde (SÇKM) içeriğinden %65 SÇKM değerine kadar evaporasyon işlemine tabi tutulmuştur. Renk ölçümü L*, a*, ve b* değerleri minolta renk cihazı ile ölçüm yapılmış ve 10 ml örnek karanlık kap içerisinden alınarak ölçülmüştür. Geleneksel ve voltaj gradyanı arasındaki farklılığı belirlemek için SPSS paket programı kullanılmış ve %95 güven aralığında Duncan test ile yöntemler arasındaki farklılıklar tespit edilmiştir. Ohmik evaporasyon işlemi sonucu pekmez örneğinin renk değerlerinden L*, a* ve b* değerlerinin taze dut suyundan istatistiksel olarak anlamlı olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Beyazlaşma (WI) ve kahverengileşme indeksi (BI) incelendiğinde en yüksek beyazlaşma ve kahverengileşme indeksinin geleneksel yöntemde elde edilirken en düşük WI ve BI indeksi ise 15 V/cm voltaj gradyanında elde edilmiştir. Toplam renk değişimleri değerlendirildiğinde, renk değişim değerinin 3.7-8.9 arasında değiştiği en az renk değişiminin geleneksel yöntemle elde edildiği ve artan voltaj gradyanına bağlı olarak renk değişiminin arttığı tespit edilmiştir. Sonuç olarak renk değişimleri incelendiğinde genel anlamda voltaj gradyanın artmasından olumsuz etkilendiği tespit edilmiştir. Fiziksel kalitelerin başında bulunan renk değerleri incelendiğinde ohmik ısıtma destekli evaporasyon işlemi kullanılabileceği düşünülmektedir.

Evaluation of Adaptability and Performance of Yellow Maize (Zea mays L.) under Busogo Environmental Conditions in Rwanda

Charles Dushimirirmana — 2023-10-05

Variations in environmental conditions like temperature, rainfall and humidity are responsible to Maize development and production. This study was conducted within two seasons (Season 2020A and 2020C) with overall objective of evaluating the adaptability and performance of yellow maize under Busogo environmental conditions in Rwanda. Four yellow varieties were used as test plants, and one white variety as a control. The experiment was prepared in a Completely Randomized Block Design (CRBD) with Five treatments and Three replications. The plant management practices were undertaken as per the recommendation for good growth and development. To analyze the collected data (Analysis Of Variance & Means), GENSTAT Software was used to and the mean comparison was done by DUNCAN Method. The results have showed a significant increase in both growth and yield in winter season (Season A) rather than summer season (Season C). Hybrid has more adapted than other varieties in most of parameters with highly yielding. The three varieties originated in the experiment site surrounding areas have showed almost the same performance which might be owing to the almost similar environmental conditions which might be owing to the almost similar environmental conditions.

Evaluation of Nutritional Value of Yellow Maize (Zea mays L.) Grown under Busogo Environmental Conditions in Rwanda

Charles DUSHIMIRIMANA — 2023-10-06

This study was conducted within two seasons (Season 2020A and 2020C) with the aim of evaluating β-carotene content of yellow maize grown under Busogo environmental conditions in Rwanda. Four yellow varieties were used in our study as test plants, and one white variety as a control. The experiments were prepared in a Completely Randomized Block Design (CRBD) with Five treatments and Three replications. The plant management practices were undertaken as per the recommendation for good growth and development. Laboratory analysis was used to evaluate the quantity of β-carotene present in maize. The results have shown a β-carotene content in yellow maize for both seasons and the quantity differs according to the level of the maize kernels ‘yellowness. The found β-carotene varies between 0.9992 µg/g and 3.0124 µg/g.

Assessment of Youth’s Perception and Participation in Agricultural-Based Livelihoods in Shendam Local Government Area of Plateau State, Nigeria

Vihi Samuel Keghter — 2023-10-06

This study assessed youths’ perception and participation in agricultural-based livelihoods in Shendam Local Government area of Plateau State. Multistage sampling technique was used to select 180 respondents for the study. Descriptive statistics, four point Likert scale and Logit regression were used to achieve the objectives of the study. Findings from the study showed the youths were 27 years on average. About 59% of the youths were males and 80% of them married. 44% of the youths had secondary education and a mean farming experience of 8 years. About 74% of the youths participated in agricultural livelihoods as majority (72%) of them reside in the rural areas. Majority of the youths had positive perception of agricultural-based livelihoods. The agriculture-based activities the youths participated in were; crop farming (54%), livestock farming (32%), agricultural product marketing (12%), agricultural products processing (9.4%), fish farming (7%) nursery raising (3.3%) and honey making (2%). Age, educational status, marital status and parents’ occupation were significant factors that influenced youths’ participation in agricultural-based livelihoods. The major constraints to youths’ participation in agricultural-based livelihoods included inadequate credit facilities (43.3%), lack of effective agricultural insurance policy (39.4%), insufficient initial capital (36%) among others. The study recommends an urgent need to stimulate the interest of the youths in agriculture early in life through career guidance. Grants should be provided to agriculture graduates who want to embark on commercial agriculture shortly after graduation. Incentives such as input supply, good market outlet and attractive price of agricultural produce should be put in place to encourage youth and make them know that agriculture can be profitable. Policies should be designed to encourage suitable access to credit facility since it was found to be a strong factor that prevents youth from embarking on large scale agricultural production.

Antimicrobial Activity of Some Essential Oils Against Agricultural Phytopathogenic Fungi and Bacteria

Fatma Zehra Ok — 2023-10-06

Essential oils (EOs) are gaining attention as eco-friendly alternatives to synthetic pesticides for the management of phytopathogenic fungi and bacteria. In this study the in vivo antimicrobial activities of juniper (Juniperus communis), rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis), cumin (Cuminum cyminum), sage (Salvia officinalis), dill (Anethum graveolens) and oregano (Origanum onites) essential oils were investigated against 2 phytopathogenic fungi (Fusarium solani and Rhizoctonia solani) and 2 bacteria species (Erwinia caratovora and Streptomyces scabies) causing high economic losses in potato. Experiment was conducted in a completely randomized factorial design with three replicates at greenhouse conditions. EOs were sprayed at 0, 100, 250, 500 and 1000 µl/l concentrations to aerial parts of potato plants with a manually operated sprayer for 3 times at 15 days intervals starting from the 4-5 true leaf. The application of EOs showed low to high efficiency in suppressing fungal and bacterial diseases of potato tubers and the effectiveness of EOs applications varied depending on the application dose. R. solani infection severity, which was over 17% in the control, decreased to 4.5% with the application of 500 ppm and above sage essential oil, and F. solani infection severity, which was over 19% in the control, decreased to 8.4% and 3.6% at 1000 ppm juniper and oregano essential oil applications, respectively. Oregano, dill and cumin essential oils showed higher antibacterial activity than other essential oils. E. carotovora infection severity, which was above 16% in the control, decreased to 3.3%, 5.0% and 5.0% with the applications of oregano, dill and cumin essential oil at a dose of 1000 ppm, respectively. The highest antibacterial activity on S. scabies infection severity was again observed at 1000 ppm oregano essential oil. It has been concluded that the phytopathogens discussed in the research can be suppressed by leaf application of essential oils on the potato plant and that these applications can make a significant contribution to the sustainability of agricultural production.

Technological And Probiotic Effects Of Lactobacilli Isolated From Honeys

Fatima Hacene — 2023-10-06

In recent years, there has been renewed interest in lactic acid bacteria, particularly the genus Lactobacillus, due to their usefulness in biotechnology. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the probiotic characteristics and technological aptitudes of six strains of Lactobacillus plantarum isolated from different Algerian honeys. The classification of these bacteria as belonging to the Lactobacillus genus was essentially based on macroscopic observation, the catalase test and Gram staining. A number of parameters linked to the technological aptitudes of the strains studied were evaluated, notably: acidifying power, texturizing power, aromatizing power, proteolytic activity, lipolytic activity, and exo-polysaccharide production. The probiotic effects of the strains studied and their antibacterial power were also determined. The results showed that some of the Lactobacillus plantarum strains studied had significant acidifying and coagulating properties. Their probiotic abilities were also remarkable. The results of the present study deserve to be confirmed for a possible use of these bacteria in the agri-food industry, in particular milk processing.

Influence Of Mulching Materials On Yield And Economic Returns Of Potato (Solanum tuberosum l.) In Gisesero And Muhira Sites Of Rwanda

Joyeuse Nyiranshuti — 2023-10-07

A study on "Effect of different types of mulch on yield and its economics on potato in Musanze and Rubavu Districts of Rwanda" was conducted from 20^th February to 10^th July, 2022 with the main objective of investigating the influence of different mulches yield of Irish potato and to identify the effective mulching materials for potato producers recommendation. Water shortage, lack of irrigation facilities, high cost of weeding as well as high weed infestation were the problem found in the potato production at farm level. To find out the efficiency of different mulching materials, a field experiment was conducted in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with five treatments: Control (T1), Dead mulch made of stalk bean (T2), live Mucuna pruriens(T3) Live Desmodium incanum(T4) and Live lablab purepureus (T5) replicated four times. The data on different physical growth and yield parameters were taken over agricultural season before and at harvesting. Data entry and analysis was done using MS- Excel and OPSTAT software. The ANOVA was performed followed by the Duncan’s multiple range test for separation of means into homogenous groups using the Least Significant Difference (LSD) at various levels of significance. From the experiment it was found that the highest tuber yield was obtained in stalk bean mulch for both Musanze and Rubavu sites,31.92 tha^-1 and 30.5 tha^-1 respectively, which was followed by live Desmodium incanum (27.31 tha^-1) for Musanze site and live Lablab purepureus (27.31 tha^-1) for Rubavu site, live Mucuna pruriens for both Musanze and Rubavu sites,21.63 tha^-1 and 19.96 tha^-1 respectively, live Lablab purepureus (18.28 tha^-1) at Musanze site and Desmodium incanum (18.13 tha^-1) at Rubavu site, and lowest tuber yield was obtained in control condition for both Musanze and Rubavu sites,15.59 tha^-1 and 15.88 tha^-1 respectively. In case of economics, the highest benefit cost ratio was found in bean stalk mulch (3.49) for Rubavu site and 3.57 for Musanze site. Thus, this practice is the most effective mulching material for the high production of potato in Musanze and Rubavu Districts of Rwanda.

Chemical constituents in the essential oil of the endemic plant Prangos platychlaena from the Lakes Region of Turkey

Arif Şanlı — 2023-10-07

The fruits of Prangos platychlaena (Endemic), growing wild in Lakes Region in Turkey, were collected at seed maturing stage from different localities to study the essential oil composition. Hydrodistillation was used to isolate the essential oils, and the chemical analyses were performed by GC and GC-MS. The oil yields on a dry weight basis ranged from 0.10% to 0.25%. The number of essential oil components ranged from 42 to 72 based on locations and a total of 92 compounds were identified. Major qualitative and quantitative variations of some compounds were determined with respect to localities of collection. The major components were germacrene-D (16.65%-44.69%), beta-bisabolene (7.53%-17.83%), beta-copaene (0.24%-11.70%), delta-cadinene (3.87%-6.67%), ladane (1.32%-3.52%), longifolenaldehyde (3.46%-8.32%) and beta-farnesene (0.94%-5.66%). It was concluded that P. platychlaena fruit essential oil. It has been understood that the ecological factors of the region, especially the altitude, have a significant effect on the essential oil ratio and components.

Yenilebilir Film Kaplamada Uçucu Yağ Kullanımının Gıdaların Fizikokimyasal ve Duyusal Özelliklerine Etkisi

Gülşah Karataş — 2023-10-07

Yenilebilir kaplamalar, gıdalarda gaz giriş-çıkışı ile ürün nemindeki değişiklikleri sınırlandırmak için ürün yüzeyine ince bir katman halinde uygulanan materyal olarak tanımlanmaktadır. Yenilebilir filmlerde kaliteyi koruyan, ürünün yaşlanmasını geciktiren en kullanışlı kaplama materyallerinden bazıları kitosan, sodyum aljinat ve gamlardır. Uçucu yağlar, yenilebilir filmlerin antimikrobiyal özelliklerinin geliştirilmesinde yaygın olarak araştırılan katkı maddeleridir. Uçucu yağların, aromalarının yoğun olması ve maliyetlerinin yüksek olması nedeni ile gıdaların muhafazasında doğrudan kullanımları mümkün olmamaktadır. Gıda güvenliğinde ve muhafazasında yeni bir eğilim olarak uçucu yağları içeren yenilebilir filmlerin kullanımı gittikçe artmaktadır. Özellikle meyve ve sebzelerde yenilebilir film kaplama ile uçucu yağların kullanımı son yıllarda önem kazanmaktadır. Yapılan birçok çalışmada yenilebilir kaplama materyalleri ile uçucu yağların birlikte kullanımının gıdaların kimyasal, mikrobiyolojik ve duyusal özellikleri ile raf ömrüne olan etkisi incelenmiştir. Bu derlemede , farklı kaplama materyalleri ile uçucu yağların birlikte kullanılmasıyla hazırlanan yenilebilir filmlerin çeşitli meyve ve sebzelere uygulanmasıyla ürünlerin kimyasal, fiziksel, mikrobiyolojik ve duyusal özelliklerinde meydana gelen değişimler incelenmiştir.

In silico genome-wide comparative analysis of Auxin Response Factors (ARFs) from Brassica oleracea and Arabidopsis thaliana

Ikhlas Shafique — 2023-10-07

Auxin, a crucial phytoharmone, governs gene expression via plant-specific Auxin Response Factors (ARFs) which regulate diverse processes. Auxin profoundly shapes growth from embryogenesis to senescence. At molecular level auxin prompt gene transcription shifts within cell nuclei, steering particular gene activation or suppression. These changes steer auxin-governed developmental plants. The auxin response factor gene family in Brassica oleracea is poorly understood, unlike in other species. For comparison, 17 non-redundant genes of Brassica oleracea (BolARF) and 22 genes of Arabidopsis thaliana were analyzed from a total of 49 genes. Phylogenetic revealed auxin response factor relation across Brassica species and Arabidopsis thaliana. Chromosomal mapping showed 17 genes spread over Brassica oleracea’s 9 chromosomes, with 3 genes on chromosome 5 and 8. Intron/exon and domain analyses offered insights into auxin response factor homology along comparative phylogenetic trees and synteny analysis also echoed homology. Promoter analysis uncovered 44 cis-elements, with 11 displayed. Conserved domains showed three auxin response factor transporting proteins. This study deepens Brassica oleracea auxin response factor gene family understanding.

Studies of LASER effects for screening of resistant Plant type against brown rust in wheat

Ayesha Saleem — 2023-10-07

Wheat (Triticum aestivum) is a staple food in Pakistan and is an important crop at global scale as well. It is an important source of basic nutrition for masses of dependents in the country. It is highly nutritious food and a good source of carbohydrates, proteins and dietary fibers. In 2021 nearly 27 million tons of wheat was predicted to produce in Pakistan. In 2020-2021, global wheat production was 622.2 million tons. Since, wheat crop is cultivated on a very large area of the country to fulfill the needs of the people. But still a number of diseases and pests, negatively impact the yield of the crop. Fungal diseases are considered as the main problem in this crop, for instance brown rust alone is responsible for more than 50% yield losses. The brown or leaf rust, results in low production and inferior quality grain. Leaf Rust is a fungal disease caused by Puccinia triticina and this pathogen is well adapted. Due to diverse nature of this pathogen and lack of complete resistance in wheat, often directs to think out of the box for creation of variability in the existing germplasm. In the current study, two wheat varieties Arooj and Subhani were treated with LASER treatment. The LASER treatment was further divided into different time intervals. Three different time points, 1.5, 2.5 and 3.5 minutes were used to treat seeds of these two wheat varieties. The treated seeds were sown in 3 kg earthen pots. The other agronomic applications were made as per recommendations. The treated and control plants were subjected to leaf rust scoring as per Cob’s scale. The data for other plant parameters like chlorophyll contents, germination rate, disease severity, leaf characters, spike characters and agronomic characters were calculated and subjected to statistical software for analysis and drawing valid inferences. Our findings show remarkable resistance in the treated seed after evaluation.

Investigation of Air Quality in Niğde Example

Orhun Soydan — 2023-10-07

ir pollution is defined as the accumulation of gaseous or particulate matter, especially fuel residues, in the atmosphere, which is released as a result of various chemical processes, in amounts that will harm the life of living things. Rapid urbanization, industrialization, increase in the number of motor vehicles, meteorological conditions, fuels used in heating, industrial establishments and the spread of thermal power plants play an important role in the increase of air pollution. Air pollution is an important environmental problem affecting people in both developed and developing countries, and it is estimated that megacities of developing countries and a quarter of the world's population are exposed to air pollutants in unhealthy concentrations. People living in cities with high outdoor air pollution suffer from heart disease, respiratory problems and lung cancer more than the population living in urban areas with clean air. It is estimated that 1.3 million people die from air pollution each year, more than half of them in developing countries. When observed over longer periods of time, pollution in large cities tends to increase during the construction phase, reaching a maximum and decreasing again as mitigation strategies are developed. In the industrialized western world, urban air pollution is, in some respects, in its final stages, with significant reductions in SO2 and soot levels. However, increased traffic in recent years has focused attention on nitrogen oxides, organic compounds and small particles. The increase in the number of private vehicles is an emerging problem. Rapid urbanization in most developing countries has so far led to uncontrolled growth and environmental degradation. Air pollution levels here are still increasing in many cities. In this study, one of the most intensive use areas of Niğde province, Dr. Air quality was measured along Sami Yağız Street. H2S, O2 and CO measurements were made at 22 points at equal intervals on both sides of the street. Measurements were made in a total of 4 different time periods per day. Maps were produced by transferring the obtained values to ArcGIS 10.3 software. It has been determined that the measurement of the gases determined along the street is not homogeneously distributed, especially the change in the amount of oxygen is higher than the other gases.

Determination of Comfort Zones in Landscape Planning in Niğde Example

Orhun Soydan — 2023-10-08

Our cities, most of which do not show a planned development, are turning into ecosystems that threaten the living life of the natural and cultural environment as a result of many environmental problems such as increasing human and building density and improper land use. This negative situation has the opportunity to be solved with urban planning in which the physical structure of the city is balanced and landscape plans that will create open and green areas that have positive contributions to human and environmental health in the city. The urban heat island effect, which has emerged as a result of intense urbanization in recent years, creates problems for urban residents. Unfortunately, most cities in the world are faced with this adverse climate phenomenon. Especially in cities where the densities of construction increase unconsciously, it is difficult to combat the heat island effect. Depending on the climate zone and the structural densities of the cities, the effect of the heat island may differ. Ecological planning is a factor that will prevent these problems from turning into important environmental problems in the future. Climate is the most important component to consider in ecological planning. Weather and climate have a significant impact on people's behavior and physiological state. Human performance and comfort can be distinguished according to climatic changes. Climatic condition or thermal comfort refers to healthy and dynamic weather conditions for human mood and thus human satisfaction. There are 6 important parameters of climatic factors. These parameters are related to climatic conditions such as average temperature, relative humidity and average wind speed. In this study, one of the most intensive use areas of Niğde province, Dr. Thermal comfort areas were tried to be determined along Sami Yağız Street. Temperature and humidity measurements were made at 22 points at equal intervals on both sides of the street. Measurements were made on different days a day and in 4 different time periods during the day. Maps were produced by transferring the obtained values to ArcGIS 10.3 software. The universal linear extension system was used in the evaluation of the climate data, and the climatic factors and bioclimatically suitable areas were determined on the street and evaluated in terms of comfort level. In the study area, it has been determined that the humidity rate varies according to the measurement hours, and there is no significant change in the temperature.

Kinetic modeling of quality changes in couscous cooked with ohmic heating at various times

Basri Omaç — 2023-10-08

Couscous, a type of pasta, should be consumed after cooking. Therefore, it is aimed to develop a mathematical model to predict the changes in quality properties of couscous cooked with ohmic heating (OH) as a function of different cooking times (0, 4, 8, 12, and 16 min). The current, total energy, and average power values during the cooking process of dried couscous using OH were also determined. For this purpose, couscous samples were cooked in a 0.1% salt solution to determine the effect of ohmic heating at a voltage gradient of 17 V/cm on different quality parameters (color, texture profile analysis, moisture content, cooking loss, and percent changes in weight increase (%)). The collected data in the present study were fitted to zero-order, first-order, and second-order kinetic models, and root mean squared errors (RMSE), coefficient of determination (R²), and the Akaike information criterion (AIC) were then used to compare the models. Our finding revealed that the energy consumption raised with the increase in cooking time for the ohmic heating, but the efficacy of this heating system decreased with increase in cooking time. In addition, the second-order model was the best model to describe the changes in color parameters. Furthermore, the zero-order model was the most suitable model for fitting the experimental data observed for the cooking loss, moisture content, and weight increase (%). However, neither model produced the best fit for all TPA parameters.

Landscape Design in Hospital Gardens: The Example of Selcuk University Medical Faculty Hospital

Ruhugul Ozge Gemici — 2023-10-08

Hospital gardens, located in urban open-green areas, are places created for patients who come to the hospital, their relatives and staff working in the hospital to spend time in an environment where they can renew themselves. The importance of these places is increasing day by day. The aim of this study is to examine the garden of the Selcuk University Faculty of Medicine hospital, located in Selcuk University Alaeddin Keykubad Campus, in accordance with the principles of landscape design. The main material of the research is the garden of the Selcuk University Medical Faculty hospital located in the Selcuklu district of Konya province. The findings show that the examined hospital garden was not designed exactly in accordance with the landscape design principles. With the suggestions developed, this hospital garden can be redesigned in accordance with the landscape design principles and can be made more comfortable for the people who use the hospital garden.

Investigation of Selcuk University of Alaeddin Keykubat Campus in Terms of Xeriscape Landscape Design

Ruhugul Ozge Gemici — 2023-10-08

Drought and thirst are among the most important problems in today's world, where water resources are depleted more rapidly due to global warming and climate change. The use of plant species with high water needs in landscaping causes an increase in the need for irrigation and more water consumption. For this reason, the need for xeriscape landscape design in landscape areas has increased in recent years. The aim of this study is to examine and evaluate the xeriscape landscape arrangements in Selcuk University Alaeddin Keykubat Campus in line with the xeriscape landscape design principles. As a result of the examinations, it was determined that the xeriscape landscape design areas in the campus were generally created in accordance with xeriscape landscape design principles.

Effect of castration on carcass characteristics and meat quality traits of Jamuna basin lambs

Md. Anwar Hossain — 2023-10-08

The study was conducted to evaluate the effect of castration on carcass characteristics and meat quality traits of Jamuna basin lambs. The selected twenty lambs were divided into two groups such as T₁ (Uncastrated) and T₂ (Castrated) having ten lambs of each group. The data were analyzed with independent t-test along with GLM procedure of SAS statistical package. The parameter studied were carcass characteristics, proximate components (dry matter, crude protein, ether extract and ash), physicochemical (Ultimate pH, cooked pH, cooking loss, drip loss, water holding capacity (WHC), sensory analysis (color, flavor, tenderness, juiciness, overall acceptability) and instrumental color values (CIE L*, a* and b*). Hot carcass wt., dressing %, blood, skin, leg, half carcass, pluck and neck were found significantly higher (p<0.05) in uncastrated group than castrated group. The ether extract (EE) was significantly higher (p<0.05) in castrated group than uncastrated group. The drip loss was significantly lower (p<0.01) and ultimate pH was significantly higher (p<0.01) in castrated group. Cooking loss was significantly lower and flavor was significantly higher (p<0.05) in castrated group. The CIE L*, a* and b* values showed non-significantly higher (p>0.05) in uncastrated lambs. It might be concluded that 12 months of uncastrated lambs showed better in productive performance and carcass characteristics but castrated lambs showed better in meat quality attributes as evidence from carcass traits, proximate components, physicochemical, sensory evaluation and instrumental color values.

Economic Impact of Ivermectin as Anthelmintic on Body Weight Gain of Goat in Bangladesh

Sohag Talukder — 2023-10-09

Background & Objective: Goat is an important livestock animal in Bangladesh. To count the efficacy of selective anthelmintic for their treatment effects on body weight gain in Black Bengal goats. A field experiment was conducted at Kotalipara Upazila in Gopalgonj district of Bangladesh. Materials & Methods: The study was performed during the time from December 2020 to February 2021. The goats were selected randomly for this experiment and divided into two equal groups (treatment group and healthy control group) where each group consisted 30 goats and irrespective to age and sex under same rearing and feeding managements. One injectable Ivermectin (0.2mg/kg body weight, Sub-cutaneous route) preparations (Injection Vermic^®, Techno Drugs Ltd. Bangladesh) were used for as treatment group. All goats were reared intensively and same feeding status. The efficacy of selected anthelmintic was recorded with measure live body weight from day 0 through day 14 and day 28 of the trial period. Results: Overall live weight gain recorded was 0.14 kg in goats of healthy control group whereas 0.76 kg weight recorded in goats of treatment group. The net return obtained by the day 28 of experimental study was Tk. 186 in goats of treatment group as against a profit of Tk. 46 obtained in goats of healthy control group. Conclusion: The administration of Ivermectin has a clear beneficial impact on live body weight in goat. More detailed studies are needed to explain the current status of the efficacy of anthelmintics, which are widely used in different agroecologies, animal species and livestock management in Bangladesh.

Impact of Foreign Labour Migration on Labour Dynamics in Relation to Household Agricultural Activities in Sindhuli Districts of Nepal

Krishna Prasad Thapaliya — 2023-10-09

Around 66% of Nepal's population is involved in agricultural activities, which contributes a one-third portion of the country's GDP. Given its agricultural nature, a considerable number of young Nepali individuals opt for international labor migration as a means of sustaining their livelihoods. So this study aimed to examine the impacts of foreign labor migration on the labour dynamics of household agricultural activities in the Sindhuli district of Nepal. A mixed research design was used for this research. Where quantitative interview protocol was designed, pretested, modified, and deployed for quantitative data collection from 350 migrant households. After that checklist for key informants’ interview and case studies were developed and used to generate qualitative data. At first, quantitative data were processed, analyzed, and interpreted with the support of qualitative findings. The survey findings revealed that in the research area, a total of 390 individuals migrated from 350 households. Of these migrants, slightly over 90% were male, leaving only 5.13% as females. In terms of household work, the workload of the father was found to be negligible, while the workload of the mother saw a significant decrease after migration. Concerning agricultural activities, livestock production and management, and social activities the workload of the father, mother, and siblings showed a statistically significant decrease. However, the workload of the spouse and children was found to significantly increase in all spheres after migration. The reduction in workload for migrants' fathers, mothers, and siblings can be attributed to the shift from a joint family structure to a nuclear family setup.

Efficacy of different Plant Extracts and Essential Oils against Rhizopus stolonifer and Aspergillus niger causing Post Harvest decaying in Grapes

Shams Ullah Syed — 2023-10-09

Grapes (Vitis vinifera.) is a widely consumed fruit in the world. In Pakistan, from an area of 16160 hectares about 87584.01 tons of grapes are produced annually. While transporting, storage, marketing and for common consumption Grapes are highly perishable fruit. Post-harvest losses of Grapes are up to 16- 23%. Several abiotic and biotic factors reduce the production and quality of grapes. In present study, samples of rotten grapes were collected from different fruit markets of district Pishin (Balochistan) and Faisalabad (Punjab). The samples were subjected to isolate the fungal pathogens, responsible for the post-harvest decay of fruits. The fungal pathogen isolated was identified as Aspergillus niger and Rhizopus stolonifer causing post-harvest decay of grape berries. The pathogenicity of the two isolated pathogens was evaluated on different temperatures (5, 20 & 30 °C) on Thompson seedless variety of grapes. The temperature 30°C was found conducive for infection and proliferation of fungi. Five organic origin chemicals namely Neem, cinnamon and Clove oils, with concentrations of (500, 1000, 2000 ppm) for each oil and Neem and Marigold Extracts with concentrations of (12.5, 25, 50%) of both extracts were used as antifungal agents. Among the tested organic compounds, Cinnamon and clove oil @ 2000 ppm was found better in delaying the decay process of both fungal pathogens. The decay was reduced up to 50% as compared to control. This study indicates that post-harvest application of essential oils can potentially enhance the storage life of grapes prior to marketing.

Evalution of Some Reproductive Performance of Ewes, Survivalability and Growth Traits of Lambs of Akkaraman Bred by Farmers in Niğde Region*

Yüksel Aksoy — 2023-10-09

The research was carried out between 2018 and 2022 in order to evaluate the reproductive characteristics of sheep, the survivability of lambs (SR120) and growth characteristics within the scope of Sheep Breeding project in Public Hands in Niğde province. In the research, some reproductive characteristics of approximately 6000 sheep per year and the growth performance and survival characteristics of a total of 30051 lambs were examined. In the study, birth (LBW), 60th day (LW60), 120th day weight (LW120) and 120th day live weight gain (LWG120) in Akkaraman lambs were 4.14±0.20 kg, 18.58±0.03 kg, 31.31±0.02 kg and 246 ±2.23 g/lamb/day, respectively. In the study, the effects of gender on LWG120 and birth type on LW120 were found to be insignificant among the factors which effects on growth characteristics were examined for Akkaraman lambs. In the study, the litter size between 2018 and 2022 in Akkaraman ewes varied between 1.03 and 1.10. In the study, the highest SR120 was detected in 2018 (96.61%), 5-year-old mothers (95.53%), female lambs (92.96%) and singleton (92.04%) lambs. In the study, it was determined that SR120 was dependent on the birth year (X² = 982.3; P<0.001), maternal age (X² = 322.2; P<0.001), gender (X² = 48.4; P<0.001) and birth type (X² = 7.2; P<0.01) in Akkaraman lambs.

Utilization of Two Essential Oil Bearing Plants as Adjunct in Annatto Based Food Seasoning Formulations.

Muibat Olabisi Bello — 2023-10-09

Utilization of lesser known plants through value added processing will increase their cultivation, reduce post-harvest losses and conserve Africa’s rich biodiversity heritage. Two essential oil bearing plants were added separately with annatto seeds in formulation of food seasoning. Each of the food seasoning was added to cooked rice and cooked noodles. The proximate composition and level of mineral elements were quantified in the seasoning and cooked food. An appropriate dosage of the seasoning for cooking rice and noodles was established by sensory evaluation using hedonic scale.

Proximate analysis revealed that OGANNAT (Ocimum gratissimum + Annato seeds) and ECANNAT (Eucalyptus citriodora + Annato seeds) formulated seasoning contain crude protein; 35.00 ± 0.12, 31.21 ± 1.34; Crude fibre; 13.33 ± 1.15, 21.33 ± 2.31; Ash; 13.00 ± 3.61, 11.33 ± 1.15 and carbohydrate; 30.00 ± 3.00, 26.79 ± 2.97g/100g respectively. The levels of mineral elements were Iron; 198.90, 188.45; Potassium; 60.32, 66.02; Calcium; 22.39, 26.04; Sodium; 78.52, 73.24 and Manganese; 0.80, 0.90 ppm respectively. However, lead and cadmium were not detected in the formulated seasonings.

OGANNAT was accepted for cooked rice and noodle at 5.6% and 2.78% respectively while 5.6% and 5.41% inclusion of ECANNAT was accepted for cooked rice and noodles respectively.

Thus, it was shown that annatto based formulated seasoning could be a highly acceptable food enhancement product, a good source of nutrients, that could complement the existing seasoning of organic origin and replaced the chemical based food seasoning. This will promote sustainable agriculture and clean environment, promote good health and well-being (SDG3) and also responsible consumption and production (SDG12).

Keywords: Annatto, Ocimum gratissimum, Eucalyptus citriodora, Food seasoning, nutrients, sensory evaluation.

Insecticidal effects of Thymus citriodorus L. (Lamiaceae) essential oil on two important stored product pests

Mustafa Alkan — 2023-10-09

The aim of the present work was to evaluate the contact effect of essential oil of Thymus citriodorus L. (Lamiaceae) against adults of two important stored product pests, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst, 1797) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) and Sitophilus granarius (Linnaeus, 1758) (Coleoptera: Dryophthoridae) under laboratory conditions. In the evaluation of contact toxicity, 2.5, 5, 10 and 15% (v/v) doses of plant essential oil were applied to test insects using a microapplicator (1µl/adult). Pure acetone (1 µl/adult) was used as negative control and K-Obiol® EC 25 (Bayer AG, Germany) containing 25 g/l deltamethrin and 250 g/l piperonyl butoxide was used as positive control at the dose recommended on the label. Mortality was recorded at 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours after aplications. As a consequence of the investigation, the essential oil demonstrated contact activity at varied rates depending on the insects and doses. In general, the effect of T. citriodorus essential oil against adults of T. casteneum was low and the highest effect was 14.49% at 15% (v/v) dose at the end of 24 hours. The effect of the same dose at the end of 96 hours could only reach 15.32%. S. granarius adults were more sensitive to T. citriodorus essential oil. Doses of 10% (v/v) and 15% (v/v) of the essential oil caused over 95% mortality of S. granarius adults after 48 hours. The study's findings indicate that T. citriodorus essential oil has the potential to be used in the management of S. granarius.

Biological activity of the Schinus molle L. (Anacardiaceae) essential oil on granary weevil, Sitophilus granarius (Linnaeus) (Coleoptera: Dryophthoridae)

Turgut Atay — 2023-10-09

Granary weevils, Sitophilus granarius (Linnaeus, 1758) (Coleoptera: Dryophthoridae) are important pest of stored grain worldwide. Larvae and adults cause weight and quality losses by feeding on grains. The aim of the study was to assess potential of the essential oil isolated from Schinus molle L. (Anacardiaceae) against adults of S. granarius under laboratory conditions. In the contact toxicity assays, five different concentrations, i.e., 5, 7.5, 10, 12.5 and 15% (v/v) were used. The doses of plant essential oil were applied to test insects using a microapplicator (1 µl/adult). Pure acetone was used in the negative control group (1 µl/adult). K-Obiol® EC 25 (Bayer AG, Germany) containing 25 g/l deltamethrin and 250 g/l piperonyl butoxide was utilized as a positive control group in the dose suggested on the label. After exposure, mortality of the adults was determined at 24, 48, 72 and 96 h. According to the results of the study, mortality rates increased with increase in the dose. After 24 hours, mortality rates of over 70% were observed at doses of 10, 12.5 and 15 % (v/v) (74.96, 94.90, 93.01%, respectively). At the end of 96th hour, the effects of the same doses were determined as 82.55, 95.56 and 97.49%, respectively. These results indicated that essential oil of S. molle has significant potential in the control of S. granarius as contact insecticide.

Scoring of leaf rust in two wheat varieties after magnetic treatment through seed

Muhammad Usama — 2023-10-09

Wheat (Triticum aestivum) is a commercial food crop food in Pakistan and is also important in global trade and food security. The cereal mainly contains carbohydrates and proteins. It is considered the main food along with rice in the entire country. The crop is vulnerable to plant pathogens and insects. Weeds are also one of the main issues in the wheat crop. Among the plant diseases, leaf rust is a major constraint in the yield and provision of quality food. Due to multiple plant pathogens, and scarce diversity in the germplasm of wheat, there is a dire need to screen or generate disease-resistant wheat genotypes. In the current work, two commercial cultivars with excellent yield potential were used. These varieties have good yield but the issue was mild susceptibility to leaf rust. To address this issue, these varieties were treated with magnetic treatment. Seeds were grouped into two major groups, treated with magnetic rays and another group as control. In the first variety first treatment will be given 30 minutes time interval and second treatment will be given 60 minutes and the third treatment will be given 90 minutes. In the second variety first treatment will be given a 25-minute time interval and second treatment will be given 50 minutes and the third treatment will be given 75 minutes. These treated seeds were later sown in RCBD fashion in the field and were provided with the inoculum of rust during favorable disease conditions. There were significant differences in the resistance gradient of magnetically treated and untreated groups.

Evaluation of the Hygienic Quality of Cutting Counters in Some Restaurants Operating in Istanbul

Meryem Akhan — 2023-10-10

Every stage of food processing, from production to consumption, affects the quality and safety of food. Failure to perform effective cleaning and disinfection processes on equipment used in food preparation can increase the microbial load in food, leading to a shorter shelf life. Equipment used in establishments serving mass consumption can be a significant source of cross-contamination if hygiene rules are not followed, potentially transferring foodborne pathogens to the final product. Therefore, maintaining the cleanliness and sanitation of working areas in food establishments, especially surfaces and equipment in direct contact with food, is a fundamental necessity to prevent the spread of microorganisms and food contamination.This study was conducted to assess the microbiological quality of samples taken from 4 different colored cutting counters (white, red, green, brown) in ten restaurants operating in Istanbul, with the aim of evaluating possible cross-contamination. Surface samples were taken from the targeted areas of the cutting counters (100 cm²) using pre-moistened swabs and transferred to the laboratory under cold chain conditions (4°C). Microbial analyses of surface samples were conducted for total mesophilic aerobic bacteria (TAMB) and coliform bacteria counts, following ISO 4833-1 and ISO 4831, respectively, and the results were provided in cfu/cm² (colony forming units per square centimeter). Reference values indicating that the maximum acceptable bacterial count for cutting counters in contact with raw food is 100 cfu/cm², while for surfaces in contact with cooked food, it is 10 cfu/cm², with no coliform group bacteria present in 100 cm² of product-contact surfaces. According to the analysis results, cutting counters in contact with raw food had TAMB and coliform bacteria counts of 4.2x10¹ - 4.5x10² cfu/cm² and 4 - 4.5x10² cfu/cm², respectively. In contrast, surfaces in contact with cooked food had TAMB counts of 2 - 5.5x10² cfu/cm² and coliform bacteria counts of 0 - 1.3x10² cfu/cm². It was determined that 50% of cutting counters in contact with raw food and 96.6% of cutting counters in contact with cooked products were unsuitable based on TAMB counts, while 100% of those in contact with raw food and 70%of those in contact with cooked products were unsuitable based on coliform bacteria counts. In conclusion, it is reported that the effectiveness of hygiene in food establishments is generally variable. Therefore, there is a need for proper cleaning protocols and control measures to prevent food contamination from cutting counters in the sampled restaurants.

Spirulina in the Food Industry and Nutrition

Burcu Çakmak Sancar — 2023-10-10

Cyanobacteria, also known as blue-green algae, are described as microscopic organisms with the ability to photosynthesize. In contrast to algae, these organisms possess a prokaryotic structure. Cyanobacteria, owing to their photosynthetic capabilities, have played a crucial role in the foundation of human life by converting carbon dioxide into organic matter over millions of years. These bacteria encompass species such as Arthrospira platensis and Arthrospira maxima and constitute a significant portion of total microalgal biomass production. This resource also contains valuable compounds such as chlorophylls, carotenoids, and phycobiliproteins. These compounds are used not only for coloring purposes in the food industry but also offer health benefits.Microalgae have been incorporated into many food formulations. Most of this integration aims to utilize microalgae as a marketing strategy or as a colorant. However, spirulina and its derived compounds have the potential to serve as valuable ingredients in the creation of new functional foods, aligning with one of the major trends in the food industry. Spirulina can be used across a wide spectrum of food products, ranging from snacks to pasta, ice cream, yogurt, and milk. Rich in nutritional value, spirulina contains essential compounds such as proteins, essential amino acids, minerals, essential fatty acids, vitamins, and antioxidants. These components provide significant health advantages, including anti-hypertensive, anti-diabetic, anti-obesity, and antioxidant activities. Spirulina also plays a role in the development of functional foods and has a positive impact on health. It is expected that spirulina will play an even more significant role in the food industry in the future.In this paper, we assess the place of spirulina, an important microalga, in the food industry and its contributions to nutrition.

Molecular Characterization of Deschampsia antarctica and Colobanthus quitensis and their Prospect in Sustainable Agriculture and Food Security

Olivet Delasi Gleku — 2023-10-10

The Antarctic ecosystem is characterised by extreme unfavourable climatic conditions. Despite the unfavourable climatic extremities, some flora species still emerged with high adaptations and tolerance affinities for such environments. Among such flora species are the two vascular plants species: Deschampsia antarctica Desv. and Colobanthus quitensis (Kunth) Bartl, which are adapted to severe physiological stressors such as desiccation, low soil water availability, and high irradiance. The rare adaptive behaviours of these species triggered scientific interest on their morphological, physiological, and molecular mechanisms that confer such adaptive properties. The current climate dynamics is fast evolving and resulting in constant ecosystem modification with its adverse impact of harsh abiotic stress on agricultural crops. In such constantly changing climatic conditions and unpredictability of global climate dynamics, agricultural sustainability requires smart and resilient breeding approaches. Scientific studies in D. antarctica and C. quitensis morphological, physiological, and molecular mechanisms is a vital research goal for resistant and resilient plant breeding and sustainable agriculture. This study reviewed the molecular characteristics of the vascular plants in the Antarctic ecosystem. It also reviewed their application and prospect for resistant and resilient crop breeding for sustainable agriculture and food security. It is revealed that D. antarctica and C. quitensis are characterized by wide morphological and anatomical ecotypic variation and the possession of a unique ability to adapt to both the local mosaic microhabitats and to general climatic fluctuations in an unfavourable environment, being able to photosynthesize through their vascular system, with C quitensis having a wider geographical distribution than D. antarctica.

Investigation of the Role of Oxidative Stress and Endoplasmic Stress Pathway in the Protective Effect of Quercetin on 4-aminopyridine-Induced Neuronal Damage

Ahmet Sevki Taskiran — 2023-10-10

Quercetin (QU) is a subtype of flavonoid that can be found in different fruits and vegetables. Many studies report that QU may have positive effects on neurological diseases. However, the effect and possible mechanisms of QU on 4-AP-induced neuronal damage remain unclear. In the present study, therefore, it was aimed to reveal the effects of QU on the hippocampal neuronal damage induced by 4-aminopyridine (4-AP) and the possible roles of oxidative stress and endoplasmic reticulum stress in this effect. The study was carried out using the HT-22 hippocampal neuronal cell line. The effect of pre-treatment with QU on cell viability after 4-AP-induced neuronal damage was determined by the XTT test. Cells were evaluated histopathologically for apoptotic nuclear change (ANC) using DAPI stain. The effects of QU on oxidative stress markers (total oxidant status (TOS) and total antioxidant status (TAS)) and endoplasmic reticulum stress markers (activating transcription factor 4 (ATF-4) and C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP)) were measured using colorimetric commercial kits and ELISA kits after neuronal damage. Treatment of hippocampal cells with 4-AP alone reduced cell viability, while pre-treatment with QU reversed this effect of 4-AP. In respect of histopathologically, treatment with 4-AP alone increased the number of ANCs, while pre-treatment of QU decreased the ANCs. In addition, in terms of biochemical evaluations, TOS, ATF-4, and CHOP increased after 4-AP in neuronal cells and QU suppressed this increase after neuronal damage. In addition, QU normalized the decreased TAS levels following 4-AP administration. As a result, it was found that QU prevents 4-AP-induced neuronal damage in hippocampal neuronal cells. It is thought that the neuroprotective effects of QU may be mediated by its suppressive properties on oxidative stress and endoplasmic reticulum stress. The use of QU supplementation may be beneficial in reducing the risks of diseases associated with neuronal damage.

Phosphorus solubilizing bacteria and cotton yield.

Wajiha Khan — 2023-10-10

Plant nutrition is crucial for developmental stages and yield. Several macro and micronutrients are present in various layers of soils, but most of the micro and micronutrients are not available to roots. Amongst them, phosphorus (P) is utmost importance because it is a source of energy which is provided in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). P intake is essential for the development of cotton like other crops. Besides, the fundamental genetic component that controls the plant development is phosphate. P aids in the formation of root architecture, and its lack might restrict plant growth and fibre development. While, P based fertilizers are more expensive due to its important role mentioned above. P is naturally present in the soil, but it is available if pH of soil is between 6.5-7 pH in the form of hydrogen phosphate and di-hydrogen phosphate. While, P is not available if pH goes high i.e. >7. There are several strategies to make them available, but Phosphorus Solubilizing Bacteria (PSB) is receiving more attention these days. It functions as a bio fertilizer and aids in improving P uptake by plant roots. Basically, PSB transforms mineralized phosphate into soluble organic phosphorus by plant roots. These bacterial colonies work directly or indirectly to increase the availability of P and operate under the symbiotic principle. P solubilizers are several species of the genera Pseudomonas, Rhizobium, Bacillus, and Penicillium. PSB implements three different strategies. Enzymes are released first, followed by P, and then organic acids, which hydrolyze minerals, and finally released into the soil. PSP has an essential role in cotton by increasing seed cotton output, chlorophyll content, and seedling growth, according to multiple research studies. It also promoted flowering and then boll development. Application of these bio stimulants also increased transpiration rate. So these microorganisms constitute a necessity for the future.

Farmer's Knowledge on Maize Pests, Their Management, and Cultivation Practices in Baitadi

Ajay Poudel — 2023-10-10

The primary objective of this research was to assess farmer’s knowledge on pests, their management practices adopted, and maize cultivation practices in Baitadi, Nepal. Four research locations were selected purposively, Dashrath Chand Municipality-2, Pancheswar-6, Patan-4 and Dashrath Chand Municipality-9, as they were hot region for maize production in the district. 75 Household interviews along with Focused Group Discussion and Key Informants Interview were performed. Statistical operations included; Mean, standard deviation, Chi-square test, ordinal logistic regression model. The study found that education status of the farmers was associated with Seed storage structures used, Chemical fertilizer usage, and Insect pest management knowledge. Agri-professionals' visit was associated with Modern seed storage structures used, Chemical fertilizer usage, Insect identification capacity, and Integrated Pest Management awareness among farmers. Access to cooperatives membership was associated with training experience. Fall Army Worm were the most severe insect pest followed by cutworms and White grubs in the study area. Education level, agriculture profession, Fall Army Worm identification capacity, and Insect pest management knowledge in a respondent increased the chances of perceiving Fall Army Worm attacks as "Highly severe". In the initial growth stages, Cutworm was more severe, but in the later stages Fall Army Worm was the most severe. Wild boar was the most severe animal pest followed by Porcupine, Monkey, Birds and Rodents. Maize weevil was the only prevalent post-harvest insect pest. 59.3%, 60.4%, and 73.9% of the respondents correctly identified Fall Army Worm, Cutworms and, White grubs, respectively from their Mark of identification. However, 96.4%, 93.8% and 56.4% of the respondents correctly identified the on-field symptoms caused by Fall Army Worm, Cutworm and White grubs, respectively. Thus, the study concluded that improving agriculture education through training, easier access to membership, and cultural practices are encouraged for policy makers to consider.

Management of Food at RSUD Haji Makassar

Yusmaindah Jayadi — 2023-10-10

Food service is a service activity carried out by the hospital in providing food for customers or consumers in an institution. Hospital food services play an important role in the process of treating patients during hospitalization by providing nutritious food. Hospital food services are intended to provide patients with hygienic, safe and nutritionally balanced food that supports patient recovery. Hospital food service is a complex field and requires specialized skills. Nutritionists are required to provide services according to the type of patient, type of treatment, and minimize the occurrence of infection. The aim of providing food is to provide food that is of good quality, varied, meets nutritional adequacy, is acceptable to and satisfies consumers by observing high standards of hygiene and sanitation including the types of equipment and facilities used. This research is a type of qualitative research with a descriptive approach, which describes the implementation of management in food service activities at the Nutrition Installation at Haji Makassar General Hospital using in-depth interviews with installation staff and examination of documents/archives as secondary data. This research lasted six days starting from 15-20 May 2023. The results of the study were that all the prerequisites had been fulfilled except for food orders for 1 menu period and the existence of regulations on food additives (BTP).

Molecular and Pomological Characterization of Blueberries and their Role in Hidden Hunger

Olivet Delasi Gleku — 2023-10-10

Blueberries are commercially important fruit crops grown worldwide that belong to the genus Vaccinium L. section Cyanococcus characterized by diploid, tetraploid and hexaploid levels, and different colourization and pigmentations. They function in regulating and serving immune signalling and defence mechanism purposes against pathogenic invasions. They also help to maintain and improve cognitive functions in humans. They are characterized by high amounts of flavonoids, anthocyanin pigments among other phytochemicals which confer abiotic stress tolerance and beneficial human health promoting precursors. Peculiar to blueberries is their eminent role in hidden hunger and nutritional deficiencies alleviation especially in low income and developing economies. Despite the invaluable role of blueberries, there has been a major focus on the traditional horticultural crops to the neglect of blueberries. A research gap therefore exists in the morphological, physiological, molecular, and pomological studies of blueberries for optimum ecological and biodiversity balance and human benefits especially in the endemic areas of hidden hunger. This study extensively reviewed the molecular and pomological characterization of blueberries. It also reviewed their application and prospects for hidden hunger alleviation, mechanisms to increase their yield, abiotic stress tolerance and food security achievement. It was revealed that intake of blueberries improves weight, reduces risk of cardiovascular diseases, neuroprotection and maintenance, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant actions, beneficial effects on vascular and glucoregulatory function, contribute to host health and reduce socioeconomic burdens. This research laid the foundation and provided gaps for research focus to address the impounding effects of hidden hunger especially in developing nations. It concludes on the need for further and pragmatic actions to increase breeding and research efforts on blueberries especially in the endemic zones of hidden hunger.

Seed priming through selected bio-control agents for the eco-safe management of leaf rust disease in wheat

Sabahat Ayub — 2023-10-10

Wheat (Triticum aestivum) is the staple food in Pakistan and is also one of the important crops in the world. It provides basic nutrition to a vast population as it is a good source of carbohydrates, proteins, and dietary fibers. In 2023, nearly 27 million tons of wheat were predicted to be produced in Pakistan. In Pakistan, fungal rusts are considered as major constrains in the wheat production. Wheat is affected by three types of rusts via; Leaf rust (Brown rust), Stem rust (Black rust) and Stripe rust (Yellow rust). Out of the three forms of rusts, leaf rust is the major fungal rust disease caused by Puccinia triticina. Under favorable environmental conditions, leaf rust causes yield losses up to 40%. The objective of the study was to investigate role of biocontrol agents (BCAs) in the control of leaf rust in wheat varieties. Natural and engineered resistance is reported in some of the famous wheat varieties which is compromised with time due to genetic changes in the rust pathogen for use of BCAs to enhance plant resistance against rust could be an interesting approach. In the current work, four wheat varieties were treated with different BCAs and were sown in the field conditions along with necessary control treatments. Seed of four different varieties were collected and seed priming with BCAs was carried out and seeds were sown by following randomized complete block design (RCBD) in the field conditions. Artificial inoculation of rust was applied by rubbing and spraying method at booting stage. Disease severity was measured with Cob’s scale and other morpho-physiological plant characters were also recorded for comparison. Data for disease associated and morph-physiological traits were recorded and subjected to statistical software. For this purpose statistics 8.1 software was used. It was statistically examined for analyses of variance technique and comparison with treatment using Least Significance Difference (LSD) at probability level of 5%. The results showed significant impact of BCAs in the control of rust disease in commercial wheat cultivars. The results demonstrated that variety Akbar-19 showed highest resistance against leaf rust and application of T. harzianum led to maximum control of the disease. The present findings are a way forward for environment friendly management of leaf rust disease in wheat.

Verification of Regcm Model with Observation Data for Çukurova Region

Burak Şen — 2023-10-10

Çukurova region is one of the major agricultural production regions in Turkey. In addition to extreme weather conditions, such as drought and flood, lower and/or severe rainfall along with increased temperature due to global climate change affects agricultural production. The aim of this study is to predict the climate of Çukurova Region for the period between 2071 and 2100 and determine the effects of climate change on the first and second crop corn yields, using the regional climate model, RegCM3. Model applicability was tested by means of some test studies and verification processes. The RegCM model predicts mean maximum, mean minimum, maximum, and minimum temperatures with deviations ranging from 2.8 to -4.3, 9.2 to -7.5, 14.6 to -4.3, 8 to -8.3 and 14.3 to -5.4 ºC respectively compared to the observations for the reference period. Thus, RegCM3 has been found to be appropriate for climate change predictions in the Cukurova District. The results of rainfall simulation were closely related to topography.

Analysis and Evaluation on Invasive Beetles (Insecta: Coleoptera) in Türkiye

Aysel Kekillioğlu — 2023-10-10

Insects, which are the most crowded group among the creatures living on the world, have always been successful by adapting to changing environmental conditions. They are in balance in their natural habitat. However, they can cause significant problems if they are moved from their areas to other places. In the last fifty years, many biotic factors, including insects and fungi transported from other countries and even continents, have caused and continue to cause significant damage in Turkey. In this study, it is aimed to analyze and evaluate the insect taxa: Phoracantha semipunctata (Fabricius, 1775), Phoracantha recurva (Newman, 1840), Cordylomera spinicornis (Fabricius, 1775), Xylotrechus stebbingi (Gahan, 1906), Phryneta leprosa (Fabricius, 1775), Anoplophora chinensis (Forster, 1771), Anoplophora malasiaca (J. Thomson, 1865), Batocera rufomaculata (DeGeer, 1775), Dendroctonus micans (Kugelann, 1794), Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Olivier, 1790), Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say, 1824), Harmonia axyridis (Palias, l773), Xylosandrus Compactus (Eichhoff, 1875) which are recorded as invasive insects from Turkey

Agricultural Biodiversity and the Role of Insect Taxa of Derinkuyu District (Cappadocia:Nevşehir)

Aysel Kekillioğlu — 2023-10-10

Biodiversity refers to the diversity of different forms of life, species, genes and ecosystems. This diversity includes the differing characteristics, structures and functions of all living organisms on Earth. Derinkuyu District, located in the Cappadocia Region, provides a suitable environment for the cultivation of various cultural and wild plant species in terms of geographical location, ecological - economic structure. This situation allows a rich agricultural biodiversity and various insect taxa can play the most important role here. Conservation of local biodiversity and agricultural biodiversity is of great importance because it contributes to the functioning of ecosystems, the food health of people, the production of medicines and many economic benefits. However, factors such as human activities, habitat loss, pollution, overfishing and climate change threaten biodiversity. In this context; the main purpose and content of this study; is to analyse the agricultural biodiversity of Derinkuyu district, which is located in the Cappadocia Region- Nevşehir province, in terms of interaction processes with various insect taxa.

The Effects of L-carnitine Supplementation into Drinking Water on Growth Performance and Immunologic Parameters in Broilers

Arda Sözcü — 2023-10-10

The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of the L-carnitine supplementation as liquid form into drinking water on broiler growth performance and serum immunoglobulin levels. In the study, a total of 240 one-day old Ross 308 chicks were randomly classified into two experimental groups as the control and L-carnitine supplementation group. Each experimental group was consisted of 4 pens, each consisting 30 chicks per pen. The L-carnitine in liquid form was added into drinking water as daily with an amount of 0.2 l liquid product per 100 l drinking water, for 3 days in each week until 35 days of age. At 35 days of age, final body weight was found to be higher in broiler treated with L-carnitine compared to the control group (2183.7 g vs. 2051.7 g, P<0.05). On the other hand, any significant differences observed for body weight, cumulative feed consumption and feed conversion rate. The broilers treated with L-carnitine had higher levels IgA, IgG and IgM than the broilers in the control group at 35 days of age (34.4 vs. 28.9; 118.9 vs. 108.6; 5.9 vs. 5.0 mg/dl respectively, P<0.01). Regarding with observed current findings, L-carnitine could be recommended as immunomodulatory additive with providing higher body weight gain in broiler production.

Exploration of two Cucurbitaceae fruit (muskmelon and watermelon) seeds for presence of phytochemicals, and antioxidant and antimicrobial activities

Ashiq Hussain — 2023-10-10

Cucurbitaceae family fruits, especially melons, offers significant quantities of minerals carotenoids and phenolic compounds, contributing to their antioxidant activity. However, seeds of these fruits are usually discarded as waste by products. In current study seeds of watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) and muskmelon (Cucumis melo) were separated, dried, grounded and extracted with 70% ethanol, to investigate total phenolic content (TPC), flavonoid content (TFC), carotenoid content (TC) contents and total antioxidant activity (TAA). Further antimicrobial activities of these extracts were tested against selected bacterial and fungus strains. Results showed that extracts of both cucurbits presented significant amounts of phytochemicals, with higher quantities presented by watermelon seeds. In watermelon seeds, TPC were found 156.50 mg/GAE 100 g, TFC 56.78 mg CE/100 g, TC 36.65 mg/100 g and TAA 71%, and these amounts were significantly lower than those found in muskmelon seeds. Antimicrobial study results showed that extracts of both seeds exhibited significant zone of inhibitions against two bacterial and two fungal species, and these values were very comparable to the reference antimicrobial drug used Ciprofloxacin. Findings of current research work provided significant grounds for presence of phytochemical bioactives in two melon fruits seeds, providing the basis for extraction and utilization of these bioactives, through processing and fortification different pharma foods.

Visualization of interaction between Pochonia Chlamydosporia and Meloidogyne incognita and their impact on tomato crop

Wajid Khan — 2023-10-10

In present studies, the biocontrol potential of Pochonia Chlamydosporia was evaluated against Meloidogyne incognita. In invitro condition, P. chlamydosporia was tested for parasitism of eggs and females of M. incognita. The result indicated that this fungus parasitized 87% eggs and 82% of females. The culture filtrate (CF) of P. chlamydosporia was tested for its larvicide activity at four different concentrations i.e., 25, 50, 75 and 100 % against M. incognita 2^nd stage juvenile. The mortality of 2^nd stage juvenile was directly proportioned to the concentration of the CF and to the duration of exposure. The maximum mortality was 97.3% at 100% concentration of the culture filtrate after 96 hours followed by 86.6% at 75% concentration. While minimum mortality was 7.3% in 25% concentration after 24 hrs. The result of the pot experiment proved that P. chlamydosporia has reduced the incidence of RKN and improved all tested agronomic growth parameters. The treatment with inoculated M. incognita alone reduced plant height, fresh shoot, and fresh root weight by 44.7%, 29.8%, and 32.8% respectively over uninoculated healthy control. P. chlamydosporia improved all the tested growth parameters in presence of M. incognita. Histopathological studies on the interaction of Pochonia chlamydosporia and Meloidogyne incognita on tomato roots revealed anatomical changes among treatments. Less number of galls with tiny in size and scarcer abnormalities in the vascular cylinder was observed in plants inoculated with P. chlamydosporia and M. incognita than the plants treated with nematode only. The fungus was seen in in the intercellular spaces of cortical and epidermal cells while the vascular bundles of the plant remain intact, inoculated only with P. chlamydosporia. The plants treated with both fungus and M. incognita, P. chlamydosporia was found in the vascular region affected by the nematode. In the infected roots, many mature females were seen which feed on giant cells. The findings also revealed that control healthy plants were not affected and no histological changes were noted.

Key words: Histopathology, Pochonia chlamydosporia, Meloidogyne incognita, tomato

An Application Project Example On Contemporary Office Design

Hatice Çınar — 2023-10-10

Office spaces are environments where hierarchical relations of different dimensions are established, where constantly changing, renewed and intense information flow is at the forefront. Considering the offices not only as working spaces but also as living spaces with the developing technology has changed the interior design approaches in today's offices. Within the scope of this study, the concept and requirements of the office, the definitions of interior design approaches in contemporary offices, as well as the interior design and application process for an architectural office in Konya will be made. The firm, which was active in Konya as Çınar Architecture between 1985 and 1990, is a company that has been serving in Konya since 1995 as Kerimler Planning Construction Consulting Company. He requested an interior design project for the new location of the company to be moved. The office they are in has entered the process of obsolescence in today's conditions and cannot provide sufficient physical facilities for the users. In the interior design of the new office, the primary goal is to work together in a flexible and comfortable environment, regardless of employee-employer discrimination. The project is an area of 280 m2 in total, consisting of ground + basement, which is located on the ground floor of Menekşe Apartment Building in Konya Meram Pirebi Neighborhood. The ground floor of the office, which is located in a new building, is 145 m2 and its south, north and west facades are glass up to the open ground. Columns are hidden in the walls in the space, a very wide opening has been created, and thus, two floors of height are clearly perceived in the space from the entrance. The basement floor of the office, which is 135 m2, is connected to the stairs and elevator from the back of the office, and natural light is provided to the basement with the gallery space connected to the stairs. It was applied in approximately 6 months after the design phase of the architectural office. A dynamic contemporary office analysis was carried out throughout the project, allowing innovative and original ideas to emerge and prioritizing working in collaboration.

A New Approach: Ecological Well-Being: “One Health”

Aysel Kekillioğlu — 2023-10-10

Although the history of the concept of "One Health", which is on the world agenda as a new approach, dates back to the 1800s, its development process goes back to Hippocrates (370-460 BC). It will play an important role in preventing the spread of contagious diseases originating from wildlife, especially protecting wildlife, with the understanding of health based on the concept of "One Health", which is an integrated health understanding to be created between humans, animals and ecosystems. Because at its core is the protection of “Wildlife and Ecosystem Health”. 'One Health' in the world until the 2000s, "One Medicine", between 2000-2008 "One World-onehealth / One World-One Health" has been on the agenda. In the international literature, after 2008, it started to be used as "One Health". Fundamentally and deeply, the single health approach; as we can express it as the state of ecological well-being or, in a broader perspective, as “Ecological Well-being”. Ecological well-being is important for maintaining health and preventing disease. While keeping the environment healthy helps people live a healthy life, reducing ecological problems such as environmental pollution, climate change and loss of biodiversity can prevent negative effects on human health. Therefore, the relationship between ecological well-being and health requires people to protect the environment and adopt a sustainable lifestyle for a healthy future. In this study, “One Health” approach will be examined with its different dimensions, based on the idea that the healthy continuity of the whole ecosphere is the basic requirement for the continuity of human health.

Greyfurt Kabuğu Tozundan Ohmik Isıtma Yöntemi ile Pektin Ekstraksiyonun Optimizasyonu

Ali Göksu — 2023-10-10

Ticari olarak pektin üretimi, elma ve/veya turunçgillerden yüksek sıcaklık değerlerinde ve uzun işlem sürelerinde ekstrakte edilerek elde edilmektedir. Ancak pektin üretimi sırasında yüksek sıcaklık ve uzun işlem süresi uygulaması ile elde edilen pektinin kalite özellikleri azalmaktadır. Ek olarak, uzun işlem sürelerine bağlı olarak ekstraksiyon işlemi için gerekli olan enerji miktarı da artış göstermektedir. Ticari pektin üretiminin sahip olduğu bu dezavantajlar, araştırmacıları yüksek basınç, mikrodalga ve ohmik ısıtma gibi alternatif ısıtma yöntemleri ile ekstraksiyon işlemlerine yöneltmiştir. Mevcut çalışma limon kabuğu tozu örneklerinden ohmik ısıtma destekli ekstraksiyon yöntemi ile pektim maddesinin ekstraksiyonunu optimize etmeyi amaçlamıştır. Greyfurt yerel bir marketten temin edilmiş ve laboratuvara getirilmiştir. Daha sonra greyfurt kabuğu, yıkama, soyma, kurutma ve öğütme işlemine tabi tutulmuştur. Bu çalışmada, sabit sıcaklık (80°C) ve sülfürik asit ile ayarlanmış pH (pH=1) değerinde, optimum ekstraksiyon yönteminin belirlenebilmesi için 3 farklı voltaj gradyanı (7, 9 ve 11 V/cm), 3 farklı katı:sıvı oranı (1:20 g/ml, 1:40g/ml ve 1:60 g/ml) ve 3 farklı bekletme süresinin (0, 90 ve 180 dak.) etkisi ve etkileşimleri araştırılmıştır. Optimizasyon prosedüründe incelenen faktörler ise pektin verimi, güç tüketimi ve enerji verimliliğidir. Optimum ohmik ısıtma destekli ekstraksiyon koşulunun 0.789 istenilirlik değeri ile 11 V/cm voltaj gradyanı, 1:40 g/mL katı:sıvı oranı ve 90 dakikalık bekleme süresinde elde edilmiştir. Elde edilen sonuçlar doğrultusunda pektin verimi, güç tüketimi ve enerji verimliliği değerlerinin ohmik ısıtma destekli ekstraksiyon işleminin verimliliğini etkileyen önemli parametreler olduğu belirlenmiştir. İleriki çalışmalarda farklı ürün grupları içinde optimizasyon prosedürünün uygulanarak farklı örneklere ait optimum çalışma koşullarının belirlenmesi önerilmektedir.

Portakal Kabuğu Tozundan Ohmik Isıtma ile Pektin Üretiminin Termodinamik Kanunlarınca İncelenmesi

Serdal Sabanci — 2023-10-10

Pektin, yeşil olmayan bitkilerin hücre duvarında ve hücreler arası bölgelerde doğal olarak bulunan kompleks yapıya sahip polisakkarit gruplardır. Ticari olarak, geleneksel pektin ekstraksiyonu işlemi pektince zengin ürünün belirli bir pH derecesi (0.7-1.5) ve sıcaklık (60 -100 °C) aralığında değişen çözgen içerisinde 1.5-3 saat süreye tabii tutularak ekstrakte edilmesi işlemidir. Geleneksel ekstraksiyon işlemi bazı dezavantajlara (ektin maddesinin yapısında bozulmalara veya pektinin kalite özelliklerinde önemli kayıplar) sahiptir. Bu nedenle alternatif güncel teknoloji uygulamalarının kullanımına yöneltmiştir. Bu bağlamda pektin ekstraksiyonu amacıyla ohmik ısıtma başta olmak üzere, ultrases, yüksek hidrostatik basınç, vurgulu elektrik alan, ılımlı elektrik alan ve mikrodalga ekstraksiyon uygulamalarının olduğu çalışmalar dikkat çekmektedir. Mevcut çalışmanın ana amacı ise 3 farklı voltaj gradyanı kullanarak portakal kabuğu tozundan pektin üretiminin yapılması ve ohmik ısıtma işleminde üretilen pektin üretiminin Termodinamiğin 1. ve 2. yasası göre değerlendirilmesi olarak belirlenmiştir. Portakal yerel bir marketten temin edilen portakal kabuğu, yıkama, soyma, kurutma ve öğütme işlemine tabi tutulmuştur. Ekstraksiyon işleminde ohmik ısıtma işlemi, 3 farklı voltaj gradyanında (7-11 V/cm), sabit sıcaklık (80°C) ve sülfürik asit ile ayarlanmış pH (pH=1) değerinde gerçekleştirilmiştir. Ekstraksiyon işleminde, endüstriyel atık kabuk toz örnekleri 1:20, 1:40 ve 1:60 g/ml 3 farklı katı:sıvı oranında karıştırılmış ve farklı bekletme sürelerinde (0-180 dak) ekstraksiyon işlemine tabii tutulmuştur. Elde edilen sonuçlara göre portakal kabuğu tozunun üretimi sırasında meydana gelen toplam enerji değişiminin 36.8-267.8 kJ arasında değiştiği enerji verimliliğinin ise %59.2-%84.5 arasında değiştiği belirlenmiştir. Burada özellikle işlem süresi arttıkça toplam harcana enerji değerinin arttığı ve enerji verimliliğinin ise artan toplam enerji değerine göre azalış gösterdiği belirlenmiştir. Termodinamiğin ikinci yasasına göre incelendiğinde ise IP değerinin artan voltaj gradyanına göre arttığı tespit edilmiştir. Özellikle performans özellikleri bakımından voltaj gradyanı ve bekleme sürelerinin önemli etkisi olduğu belirlenmiştir.

Nar Islahında Güncel Gelişmeler ve Yeni Nar Çeşitleri

Cenap Yılmaz — 2023-10-10

Nar (Punica granatum L.), Punicacea familyasının bir üyesidir ve çok eski zamanlardan beri yetiştirilmektedir. Narın anavatanı İran, Afganistan, Kafkaslar, Ortadoğu ve Anadolu olduğu bilinmektedir. Günümüzde sadece anavatan bölgesinde değil, Akdeniz havzasında, Avrupa'nın güney sahillerinde, Amerika kıtası, Uzakdoğu ve Avustralya da yetiştirilmektedir. Bilinen en eski meyvelerden biri olmasına rağmen, narın ilaç, endüstriyel özellikleri ve sağlıklı bileşikleri nedeniyle tüketimi ve üretimi 2000’li yıllardan sonra artmıştır. Dünya’da nar yetiştiriciliğinin artmasıyla birlikte farklı sorunlarda tespit edilmiştir. Bununla birlikte son yıllarda ıslah başta olmak üzere, genetik kaynaklar, yetiştirme tekniği, bitki koruma, bitki besleme, sulama, muhafaza ve hasat sonrası gibi konularda pekçok çalışma yapılmıştır. Dünya çapında, nar üretimine talebin artmasıyla birlikte erkenci, orta ve geççi olmak pek çok nar çeşidi ıslah edilmiş ve tescil edilerek üreticilere sunulmuştur. Yeni nar çeşitleri özellikle Hindistan, İsrail, Türkiye, İspanya gibi yoğun nar yetiştirilen ülkelerde geliştirilmiştir.

Complementary Food Produced from “Atilla-Gan-Atilla” Wheat, Sorghum and Groundnut Fortified with Baobab Fruit Pulp

Zahrau Bamalli Nouruddeen — 2023-10-10

The aim of this research work is to improve the nutritional quality of complementary food with addition of baobab fruit pulp powder. Five samples of complementary formulations of wheat (W), sorghum (S), groundnut (G) and baobab fruit pulp (BF) were prepared in different ratios viz. ASG1 (60% W;10% S; 10% G; 20% BF), ASG2 (65% W;10% S; 10% G; 15% BF), ASG3 (70% W;10% S; 10% G; 10% BF), ASG4 (75% W;10% S; 10% G; 5% BF), ASG1 (78% W;10% S; 10% G; 2% BF). The samples were analyzed for proximate composition, functional analysis and sensory evaluation. The results obtained show that ASG1 has a significantly higher value at P<0.05 of moisture content compared to the remaining samples, while sample ASG5 has significantly high amount of ash (1.22%), fat content (9.31%), fiber (3.40%) and protein (39.92%). The carbohydrate (74.68%) was found to be significantly higher in the control sample. The swelling index was significantly high in the control sample (100.35%), followed by sample AGS2 (94.72%). The lowest swelling index was observed for sample AGS3 (88.48%), while sample AGS4 had the highest significant level (97.30) which was close to the control sample. Sample AGS2 was found to have the highest water absorption capacity compared to all the remaining samples (76.7%). Bulk density of the sample AGS1, AGS2 and AGS3 were not significantly different (P<0.05). The scores obtained for the organoleptic test for the sample shows that, sample AGS2, AGS3 and AGS4 had no significant difference at P<0.05 for flavour, colour, taste and texture. Samples ASG3 and ASG4 had a 7.15 acceptance score in sensory analysis on a 9-point hedonic scale scorecard, which made them more acceptable than the other samples. The results showed that the addition of baobab pulp powder significantly increase the nutritional composition of the complementary food product.

Performance Evaluation of Upland Rice (Oryza Sativa L.) Genotypes in Three Agro-Ecological Zones Of Rwanda

Sylvestre Habimana — 2023-10-10

The rice crop has wide environmental adaptation, ranging from upland, deep, intermediate, and shallow water rice. In Rwanda, rice is almost produced in the lowland ecosystem. There has been no reported attempt done on upland rice before this report. That is why this study was conducted to identify rice genotypes that can be adapted in various agro-ecological sites of this study. The study was conducted in three sites namely Rulindo, Rugende, and Rubona in Rwanda. The field trial was laid in randomized complete block design with three replications. All three trials were conducted from January 2022 up to 2023 wherein ten upland varieties were used. According to the growth and yield results obtained from three different agro-ecological sites, the CAVM5 genotype showed high performance on different parameters such as plant height (94.6cm), number of tillers per plant (23), and grain yield (3345.5kgha^-1) compared to the rest of genotypes. Performance evaluation of rice genotypes according to their suitable environment is an important aspect of rice production and this can contribute to the food security of Rwanda as Rice is one of the major food crops to be consumed in both rural and urban areas of the country. The results obtained from this long-term research will help researchers to breed for drought/cold tolerant & high yielding genotypes, high quality and nutrition upland rice in Rwanda.

Aquatic Biopolymers Used in Edible Film and Edible Coating in The Food Industry

Elif Tuğçe Aksun Tümerkan — 2023-10-10

Edible film and edible coating approaches are accepted as useful and prompt techniques that improve the sensory, physicochemical and microbial quality of both plant-based and animal-based food items. With increasing awareness of the detrimental impacts of synthetic packaging materials, the utilization of natural polymers has increased in popularity in food science. Aquatic biopolymers are known as important sustainable and versatile materials used not only in the food industry but also in pharmacology and biomedical science. Gelatin, chitosan, and alginate are obtained from aquatic animals and aquatic plants and these biopolymers offer quality protection and sensory attributes. Edible coating and edible films extend shelf life inhibit microbial deterioration and protect chemical quality. The formulation, physical, and chemical characteristics of aquatic biomaterial-based edible coating and film differ depending on the used aquatic material and applied food properties such as moisture, shape, and proximate composition. In this review, aquatic biopolymers from gelatin to chitosan and alginate were deeply investigated. Biochemical properties, functional characteristics, and sensorial quality of these aquatic polymers were evaluated. Besides these advantages, the limitations of these aquatic polymers in edible film and coatings at both academic and industrial levels are deeply investigated in this review. Novel approaches of aquatic biomaterials on the different food items from seafood to meat products, vegetables to fruits were highlighted.

Nar Yetiştiriciliğinde Bitki Besleme Sorunları

Cenap Yılmaz — 2023-10-10

Nar yetiştiriciliğinde, yüksek ve kaliteli verim için düzenli ve yeterli gübreleme yapılması zorunludur. Bahçe tesisinden, yaşlanma çağına kadar ağaçtaki ve topraktaki bitki besin maddelerinin kontrolü ve yeterli düzeyde temini çok önemlidir. Tam verim çağında yer alan bir nar ağacından, bulunduğu koşullara ve genetik özelliklerine göre ortalama 50-150 kg arasında verim alınabilir. Eğer bitki beslemede ihmal ve hatalar söz konusu ise verimsizlikle karşılaşılabilir. Bitki besleme hatalarının verim üzerine olumsuz etkilerinin yanında derim öncesi ve sonrası meyve kalitesi üzerinde de etkileri bulunmaktadır. Meyve çatlaması, dane kararması, güneş yanıklığı, bazı hastalık ve zararlıları teşvik etme gibi etkileri buunmaktadır. Bunun yanında dengesiz ve yetersiz gübreleme ağacın gelişimi ve biyotik ve abiyotik çevre koşullarına karşı duyarlılığının artmasına da sebep olmaktadır. Bu makalede nar ağacının bitki besleme gereksinimleri ve bitki beslemedeki yanlışlıkların nar yetiştiriciliğinde hangi olumsuzluklara yol açtığı incelenmiştir.

Rangeland degradation, its perceived impacts and adaptive mechanisms by pastoralists and government

Moumouni Ousseini — 2023-10-10

This study points out the drought characteristics and responses pastoralists and Government as well as partners employed continuously to minimize the effect of recurrent drought events on the livelihood of herders in Tahoua region of Niger Republic. Multiple data sources, including socioeconomic activities interviews with 225 households, group discussions and informal interviews with pastoralists were used to gather the aspects of drought and adaptive mechanisms and coping practices. Standardized precipitation index derived from long-term rainfall data obtained from National Direction of Meteorological Service distributed across the pastoral zone was used to appreciate different degrees of drought intensity between 1988 and 2018. Results revealed the alternance of near normal, wet and drought events with 77.4% prevalence of drought events. The socio-economic survey pointed out that 97.3% and 95.6% of the respondents were male and of Tuareg tribe respectively. All respondents resided in the area for than 30 years and 86.7% never attended western education. The main occupations of 40.1, 37.8 and 20.9% of respondents were livestock rearing, crop farming, and agro pastoral activities respectively. Nomadic, Agropastoral and transhumance were dominant livestock production systems. The highlighted drivers of rangeland degradation were recurrent draught, rainfall deficit and rising in temperature, overgrazing, tree clearing and abusive fodder collection, frequent fire outbreak and endemic shortage biomass production. Rangeland degradation indicators based on pastoralists Knowledge enumerated include decrease in tree density and firewood, in plants species and wildlife, frequent forage shortage and increase barren land and water ponds. These droughts negatively impacted the livelihoods of pastoralist. The impacts include reduction the productivity of animal, calving rate, milking frequency, increase susceptibly of animals to disease and mortalities, reduction in the price in the markets and conflicts over the resources utilization. To adapt or cope with climatic hazards, households used a variety of adaptive mechanisms and strategies in order to become more resilient. The strategies adopted vary according to the rate of forage and water deficit. In Normal year characterized by good availability of forage and water, Nomadic and transhumant undergo intra-departmental mobility. Strategic culling off weak and unproductive animals at time their prices on market are good to gather money for buying natural forages, crop residues, concentrate and satisfy family needs. In moderate years, Nomadic and transhumant (59.6%) carried out inter departmental mobility, supplemented their animal during the dry season (36.4%) and Strategic culling off and buying of forages (4%). The downward movement in the south is governed by the liberation of crop farms to avoid conflicts. Mobility, buying of forage, supplementation, and strategic destocking were respectively realized by 1.3%, 41.8%, 30.2% and 26.7% of the sample. Trans boundary mobility may in Nigeria and sometime Mali republic from October to March is also common. The actions conducted by government and partners to assist pastoralists were free vaccination of animals, Supply of concentrates at moderate price and activities such as Firewall construction, Soil and water conservation, and seed broadcasting in the form of cash for work, cash for food and cash transfer.

Keywords: Pastoralist, Mobility, Strategy, Coping, Destocking, Drought

Analysis of Sawnwood Marketing in Ibadan Metropolis

Olubukola Ugege — 2023-10-10

The marketing of sawnwood is an enterprise that gives opportunities to meet economic needs of different level on the social strata. Hence it is necessary to study the economic analysis of sawnwood marketing in Bodija plank market in Ibadan Oyo State. A total of 150 questionnaires were randomly administered to sawnwood marketers in Bodija plank market. Primary data were collected through the aid of a well-structured questionnaire. Descriptive statistics and budgetary analysis were used in the study. The Result of the study shows that 99.33% of the respondents were male and 58.67% were married. The mean household size of the respondents is 3 members. The study also revealed the average age of the respondents to be 50 years old. From the analysis of costs and returns, the total revenue was ₦391,447,086. And the total cost was ₦296,573,550. The gross margin was ₦96,005,836 while the average Net profit was ₦632,490.24 which indicates that Sawnwood marketing is lucrative and profitable in the study area. It was concluded that sawnwood marketing was a profitable AgriBusiness enterprise in the study.

Pharmacotechnical Characterization Of Pectins Obtained From Different Varieties Of Mango From Côte d'Ivoire For Pharmaceutical Application

Awa Nakognon Tuo — 2023-10-10

Context: Mango is one of the most common tropical fruits in the world. Its peel contains pectin, which has antioxidant and gelling properties. The objective of this work was to highlight the interest of using mango pectin in the development of pharmaceutical forms. Methodology : Different varieties of mangoes, available in Côte d'Ivoire, were used in this study. The extraction of the pectin from their dried and ground peel powder was carried out in an acid medium by the microwave technique. The degrees of esterification of the pectins were determined after titrimetric determination. The pH and the flow properties of the gels obtained from these pectins were evaluated respectively using a pH meter and the Malvern rotational rheometer. Results : The pectins obtained had a brown colour, an aromatic odor and a crystalline appearance. They had variable degree of esterification and were Low Methoxy Pectin. The gels obtained had variable pH and viscosities depending on the variety of mango, with a shear-thinning character. Conclusion and prospect : Mango varieties had similar characteristics but different rheological properties. Textural and stability studies will have to be carried out.

Food Crisis and Global Warming in Africa

Wadah Elsheikh — 2023-10-10

Climate change has already had an influence on global food production; it is expected that the availability of calories has decreased in about half of the food-insecure countries. With the predicted high population growth, this issue will be the primary contributor to widespread food insecurity and undernourishment across Africa, especially in light of the changing global climate. These trends are likely to exacerbate the region's vulnerability to climate change via the economy and food security in Africa. This review aims to verify the relationship between the food crisis and global warming in Africa. Given the reliance of Africa on conventional agriculture, crop yields are predicted to drop under future climatic circumstances, and a new study suggests that yields have already been impacted. Food insecurity is characterized by inadequate food production, availability, and consumption, as well as inadequate food quality or nutritional content, which has been significantly impacted by changes in the world's environment. As a result of the importance of the agricultural sector as a driver for economic development, all governments must assure food security. Climate change-resistant plant types, as well as smart resource management, may help mitigate the effects of climate change and food poverty.

Study Effect of Zinc oxide Nanoparticles on Helianthus annuus L. Growth and Physiology for Mitigating Salinity and Drought Stress

Raheela Waheed — 2023-10-10

The main goal of nanotechnology in agriculture is to increase crop yield. Biological synthesis of metallic nanoparticles using plant extract is cost-effective and environmentally friendly. Zinc is an essential metal for the production of chlorophyll, cell growth, regulation of gene expression and metabolism of RNA in plants. Zinc oxide nanoparticles are superior than any other metal oxide nanoparticle due to its inorganic photocatalytic nature with the highest photocatalytic efficiency. In this study, Zinc oxide nanoparticles were synthesized using Mentha spicata L.(MS) leaf extract, characterized and applied on sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) plant for improving growth and physiology under salinity and drought stress conditions. Characterization through UV absorbance analysis showed a strong absorption peak at 368nm and confirms MS- zinc oxide nanoparticles formulation. Its FTIR spectra was at 3730.14 cm^-1 which represents the functional group like OH stretching of alcohols and phenols. XRD confirms the hexagonal(wurtzite) structure of MS- ZnO nanoparticles. The synthesized nanoparticles were applied to sunflower plant under three treatments (normal, drought stress and salinity stress) in three concentration 50mg/L, 100mg/L and 150mg/L. The foliar application of 150mg/L ZnONPs in drought treatment were shown to enhance plant root and shoot length, root and shoot dry and fresh weight, number of leaves and relative water content as compared to control conditions while no significant results obtained in salinity treatment. Overall, this study proved that 150mg/L concentration of ZnONPs is sufficient for improving plant growth under drought conditions.

Evaluation of Antioxidant, Antimicrobial and Wound Healing Activities of ZnO-CuO Nanoparticles Synthesized Using Azadirachta indica Leave Extract

Farah Deeba — 2023-10-10

The neem tree (Azadirachta indica A.), which belongs to the family Meliacae and subfamily Melioideae, is renowned for its medical properties. The physiologically active component of neem, Azadirachtin, is thought to be responsible for the beneficial benefits of various portions of the plant. Present study was designed to assess the anti-microbial, antioxidant and in vivo wound healing activity of bimetallic ZnO-CuO nanoparticles by controlling physiological reactions. For this purpose, bimetallic nanoparticles were prepared and characterized using Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and spectrophotometer to examine the physical and chemical properties of these NPs. Five different strains of bacteria were subjected to antibacterial activity tests, and a positive control antibiotic disc ciprofloxacin, was employed and it was done by agar well diffusion method through which inhibition zones will be observed. Staphylococcus aureus was the microbe that showed significant results among all pathogens having 10±0.2mm value in 100 µl concentration of bimetallic NPs. The antioxidant activity of ZnO-CuO NPs and Neem extract was evaluated using the DPPH free radical scavenging technique and FRAP assay. Ascorbic acid will be used as a standard in both assays. The scavenging activity was assessed by taking absorbance at 520 nm which showed that NPs had higher scavenging potential than ascorbic acid and proved by IC50 value that is 9.44µg/ml. In vitro cytotoxicity was done so that percentage of viable cells can be measured. For this purpose, HEPG2 cell lines were used. In the range of 1.5-200 µg/ml, BNPs showed higher toxicity for cancerous cells. For in vivo wound healing activity, mice were used as a model to examine the healing on incisional wounds and calculate wound contraction percentage in certain days. Different formulations of nanoparticles loaded carbopol gel had been prepared. Additionally, four groups of rats were made for in vivo study and in each group six rats were placed. Biogenic ZnO-CuO nanoparticles were anticipated to have antioxidant, antibacterial and wound healing properties in which 1.5% NPs loaded gel had non-significant results. The findings of this study have potential to contribute to development of novel therapeutic interventions. Histopathological studies were also done in order to find out the fibrosis at 10^th day on skin of rats by observing fibroblast and macrophages spreading which showed gradual increase in fibroblast and scattered macrophages.

Liquid-liquid Extraction on Volatile Organic Compounds in Surface Water and Sediment selected Zones of Asa River, Kwara State, Nigeria

Oluwadurotimi Olutosin Akintade — 2023-10-10

This research was developed in analysing volatile organic compounds in selected zones of Asa River, Kwara State. Liquid-liquid extraction procedure of two organic solvent (Hexane : Dichloromethane) (1:1 v/v) was employed to remove volatile organic compounds from river and sediment samples. The mean recovery percentage range was between 96.7±1.5 - 104.0±1.0 for river samples while 97.3±2.2 - 104.0±1.0 for sediment samples at a fortification level of 0.01 µg/l. In addition, volatile organic compounds were determined by Gas chromatography – mass spectrometry. The limit of quantification was 0.05 µg/l which was below the maximum level allowed by the European council directives for volatile organic compounds (0.5 µg/l).

Bioactive Compounds from By-Products and Food Wastes: Recent Developments in their Health Benefits

Aisha Idris Ali — 2023-10-11

Polyphenols, Terpenoids, Alkaloids, and other nitrogen-containing constituents, are examples of bioactive compounds that exhibit a variety of positive effects due to their anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. These compounds are present in a variety of fruits, vegetables, spices, grains, and their derived foods and beverages including fruit juices, tea, chocolates, olive oil, beer, and wine, etc. Agricultural production and the food supply chain are the main sources of food wastes, which are abundant in bioactive compounds and can be turned into useful resources. The purpose of this study is to highlight the current studies that show the myriad possible uses of food wastes and by-products of the agro-food supply chain, which can be used in a variety of ways.

Keywords: bioactive compounds; by-products; food wastes; health benefits; natural extracts

The effect of water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) organic fertilizer on the vegetative growth of Carrot (Daucus carota), Royal Chantenay variety

Erastus Dushimeyesu — 2023-10-11

This study conducted in Gasabo District, Nyacyonga marshland aimed to investigate the effect of water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) organic fertilizer on the vegetative growth of the Royal Chantenay variety of carrot (Daucus carota). The experiment was conducted using a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replicates. Four treatments were applied: T1 (control, no fertilizer), T2 (NPK 17-17-17), T3 (25% water hyacinth organic fertilizer + 75% NPK 17-17-17), and T4 (50% water hyacinth organic fertilizer + 50% NPK 17-17-17). The growth parameters assessed included plant height, leaf number, and root diameter. Results showed that the application of water hyacinth organic fertilizer significantly influenced the vegetative growth of Royal Chantenay carrot plants. T3 and T4 treatments enhanced plant height, leaf number, and root diameter compared to the control (T1) and NPK 17-17-17 (T2). The highest vegetative growth parameters were observed in T4, indicating that a higher concentration of water hyacinth organic fertilizer positively affected the growth of carrot plants. The findings suggest that water hyacinth organic fertilizer can be a viable alternative to chemical fertilizers in promoting the vegetative growth of Royal Chantenay carrot plants. The utilization of water hyacinth as an organic fertilizer can contribute to sustainable agricultural practices by reducing dependence on synthetic inputs.

Culturing of nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria in a bioreactor for the production of a biofertilizer

S. D. P. N. Jayasinghe — 2023-10-11

Cyanobacteria can be considered as the most primitive inhabitants on earth. They have the capability of performing oxygenic photosynthesis, and some of them are able to fix nitrogen by converting atmospheric nitrogen (N₂) into ammonia (NH₃). The nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria were isolated in BG110 medium, and Anabaena sp., Oscillatoria sp., and Nostoc sp. were identified with the aid of Nikon Eclipse Ts2 inverted phase contrast microscope. Cyanobacterial counts were checked for each individually for identified species using a haemocytometer and it was 1 x 10⁷ CFU ml^-1. The volume of 300 ml of identified nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria were cultured in BIOSTAT^® A bioreactor to increase their biomass under optimized conditions of 100 rpm agitation, 27 ⁰C temperature, 7.1 pH, 150 ccm flow rate of Oxygen and a constant light intensity of 300 µEm^-2s^-¹for a period of seven days. The final volume of cyanobacterial culture obtained from the bioreactor was 2334.15 ml. The cyanobacterial growth difference before and after culturing in the bioreactor was 9.3 x 10⁷CFU ml^-1. Biofertilizer was prepared after checking the cyanobacterial cell density using a haemocytometer and it was 10.3 x 10⁷ CFU ml^-1 for the cyanobacterial mixture cultured in the bioreactor. The total nitrogen content of 0.2 g of oven-dried nitrogen-fixing cyanobacterial biofertilizer was checked by the Kjeldahl procedure and estimated as 2.52%.

Development of Agricultural Credit Utilization in Türkiye

Ayşenur Güzel — 2023-09-24

The agricultural sector, which is an indispensable sector all over the world; It is closely related to all segments of society with its economic, social and environmental dimensions. However, due to the unique characteristics of agricultural production, farmers face many negative factors, these factors can cause fluctuations in production and, as a natural consequence, fluctuations in prices. While the fluctuations in prices create uncertainties in the income of the farmers, they also frequently cause the enterprises to experience capital insufficiency, long-term planning and financing problems. The problems experienced in agricultural production make it necessary for the farmers to resort to non-operational resources. For this reason, agricultural loans are of great importance in terms of sustainable production of enterprises. Until the 2000s, almost all of the financing needs in the agricultural sector were met only by Ziraat Bank, after the 2001 crisis, private banks began to give weight to the loans for the agricultural sector. While the amount of agricultural loans among consumer loans was 2.44 billion TL in 2002, this amount increased to 255.95 billion TL in 2022. In this study, the development of agricultural credit usage in Turkey, agricultural credit usage by regions and credit applications are discussed. In this direction, agricultural credit policies from the past to the present have been reviewed, the practices of organized credit institutions giving credit to agriculture have been comparatively examined and the place of agricultural credits in the system has been revealed.

Examining the Relationship between Risk Management and Cooperative Partnership in Agricultural Enterprises: The Case of Antalya Province

Handan Akçaöz — 2023-09-24

Due to the nature of agriculture, the farmer cannot find an environment with complete information on every subject while making her plans. The farmer produces the product today, but cannot sell it when farmer wants or plans. Conditions can be very different between the start of production and the time of sale. For example, prices may change, the expected price may not occur in the market, and bad weather conditions may cause product losses. Therefore, the farmer, who has to make decisions about the future, is affected by the mentioned factors. For this reason, knowing the existing risk sources in agricultural production and determining the risk management strategies to be applied emerge as very important issues. In this study, it was aimed to determine the risks faced by the farmers who are partners and non-partners of the agricultural cooperatives in the province of Antalya in the production process and the risk management strategies they apply against these risks. In this context, a questionnaire was applied to the producers in a total of 80 enterprises, 40 of which are partners in agricultural cooperatives and 40 producers who are not partners, in the villages of the districts of Antalya between December 2018 and March 2019. In the study, first of all, the socio-economic characteristics of the farmers were examined, then the risk sources they encountered in agricultural production and the risk management strategies they applied were revealed. Risk sources and strategies according to farmers were evaluated with a Five-point Likert scale. According to the results obtained from the research; It has been determined that 52.5% of the farmers in the enterprises are 50 years old and over, and the average experience period is 27 years. When the enterprises are evaluated in general, the most important risk sources faced by the farmers are listed as changes in product prices, changes in input costs, low yield due to plant diseases and pests, and changes in the economic situation of the country. The risk management strategies applied by the manufacturers against these risks are to plan the expenditures, to produce at the lowest possible cost and to have information about the previous product prices.

Kaliteli Zeytinyağı Üretiminde Zeytin Üreticilerinin Rolü

İsmail Bayyiğit — 2023-10-03

Zeytinyağı üretimi, sağlık, beslenme, ekonomi, kültür ve çevre açısından büyük bir öneme sahiptir. Zeytinyağı; zeytin üretim kararından başlayıp zeytinlerin hasadından, sıkım sonrası zeytinyağı olarak depolanmasına kadar uzanan üretim safhalarının çoğundan etkilenmektedir. Bu açıdan kaliteli natürel zeytinyağı üretimi için kaliteli zeytin üretimi ve hasadı önem taşıyan bir konudur. Ancak, hasattan nihai ürüne kadar pek çok aşamada karşılaşılan sorunlar bu süreci olumsuz etkilemektedir. Türkiye, zeytin ağaç varlığı, sofralık zeytin ve zeytinyağı üretiminde dünyanın en önemli üretici ülkeleri arasındadır. Ancak maalesef zeytin üreticileri arasında kalite yerine üretim miktarının öne çıkarılması istenilmektedir. Bu nedenle bu çalışmanın temel amacı, kaliteli bir zeytinyağı üretimi için zeytin üretiminde gerekli olan üretim koşullarının araştırılmasıdır. Bu koşullar, zeytin ağaçlarının yetiştirilme şartları, hasat süreci, zeytin işleme teknikleri, yağ elde etme yöntemleri, depolama koşulları ve son ürün kalitesi gibi çeşitli aşamalara odaklanmaktadır. Diğer yandan zeytinyağı üretiminde kalitenin sürdürülebilirliği için üreticilerin bilinçlendirilmesi de önem taşımaktadır. Çalışmada zeytinyağı üretiminde kalite kriterlerini araştıran ulusal ve uluslararası kaynaklardan yararlanmış olup elde edilen sonuçların kaliteli zeytinyağı üretimi için üretici, tüketici ve sanayicilere fayda sağlayacağı tahmin edilmektedir.

Determination Of The Efficiency Of Some Plant Growth- Promoting Bacteria In Strawberry Growing Under Cover And Field Conditions Organically Single And Dual Applications On Plant Development And Good Production Parameters

Halil İbrahim Tuzlacı — 2023-10-10

With this study, in 2010 and 2011; bacteria species belonging to Pseudomonas fluorescens RC77, Bacillus pumilus RC23, Bacillus megaterium RC07, Bacillus subtilis RC521, Pantoea agglomerans, RCYE58, Burkholderia pyrrocinia RCYE64, Paenibacillus polymyxa RCYE283, Stenotrophomonas acidaminiphila RCYE47, which promotes some plant growth in greenhouse and field organic conditions, isolates were used. Frigo strawberry seedlings (Fern cv.) were used for 60 minutes before planting, for 60 minutes B. megaterium RC07, B. pumilus RC23, B. subtilis RC521, B. pyrrocinia RCYE64, P. polymyxa RCYE283, P. fluorescens RC77, S. acidaminiphila RCYE47 (single solution-7 pieces), (B. pumilus RC23 + P. agglomerans RCYE58, B. subtilis RC521 + S . acidaminiphila RCYE47, P. polymyxa RCYE283 + B. pyrrocinia RCYE64 ve P. fluorescens RC77 + B. megaterium RC07 (dual solution-4 pieces). At the end of the study, B. subtilis RC521 + S . acidaminiphila RCYE47 was obtained from application, while the highest fruit yield per plant was obtained from B. pumilus RC23 + P. agglomerans RCYE58 application with 99.68g.

The best average fruit weight was obtained from S. acidaminiphila RCYE47 application with 6.70 g, while the highest total fruit yield was obtained from B. pyrrocinia RCYE64 application with 1155 g. P. polymyxa RCYE283 application had the highest chemical content in the fruit (23.07%) and at the end of the 1st year (12.43%), while in terms of ascorbic acid content (84mg/100g) and at the end of the 1st year (1000ppm) it was found to be the highest. Obtained from Bacillus pumilus RC23 application.

In the study; It was determined that the bacterial applications provided an increase in the macro and micro nutrient content of the strawberry leaves under the cover and in the open field, and these increases were statistically significant.

Observation Evaluation of the Empowerment Stunting Prevention Program at the Samata Health Center

Yusma Indah Jayadi — 2023-11-10

The purpose of this observation was to evaluate the stunting prevention programs and programs that had been created to reduce the number of stunting incidents carried out at the Health Center. This qualitative research was conducted from May 3 to May 13, 2023, at the Samata Health Center, Gowa Regency, South Sulawesi. The participants in this study were nutrition staff, midwives, and cadres at two Health Centers and the community around the Samata Health Center. Data were collected through direct in-depth interviews using the prepared questionnaires. This community empowerment program also aims to encourage people to pay more attention to nutritional health status with specific programs aimed at pregnant women, lactating women, and children aged 0-24 months so that they can grow into quality human beings.

Effects of Different Processing Methods on Bioactive Components and Their Bioaccessibility in Red Beet

Azime Özkan Karabacak — 2023-09-30

Red beet (Beta vulgaris) is a valuable vegetable known for its bioactive components such as betalains, polyphenols, antioxidants, vitamins, minerals, and dietary fibers, and their potential health benefits. However, the bioaccessibility of these beneficial components can be influenced by different processing methods. This study aims to investigate the effects of several processing techniques, including jam and marmalade production, drying, pickling, freezing, and beverage production, on the bioactive components and their bioaccessibility in red beet. Literature findings indicate that the processing methods had varying effects on the retention and bioaccessibility of bioactive components in red beet. Jam and marmalade production appeared to preserve antioxidants and phenolic compounds, while drying exhibited a significant loss of heat-sensitive nutrients. Pickling resulted in altered mineral content, while freezing showed minimal impact on the bioaccessibility of bioactive compounds. Interestingly, the processing of fruits and vegetables into beverages has been found to enhance the bioaccessibility of bioactive components through the breakdown of cell walls and increased solubility. Moreover, the changes in the bioaccessibility of bioactive components were associated with modifications in the microstructure of red beet samples observed through scanning electron microscopy (SEM) imaging. The breakdown of cellular barriers and the formation of new structures during processing played a crucial role in determining the bioaccessibility of these bioactive compounds.

Understanding the impact of processing methods on bioactive components and their bioaccessibility in red beet is vital for optimizing its nutritional value and potential health benefits for consumers. These findings have important implications for the food industry and can aid in the development of novel processing strategies that preserve or enhance the bioaccessibility of bioactive compounds in red beet-based products. Additionally, it can inform consumers about the potential impact of processing methods on the bioactive components in red beet and help them make informed choices regarding their consumption. Further investigations are needed to explore the influence of these processed red beet products on human health.